Near Infrared Spectroscopy Describes Physiologic Payback Associated With Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption in Healthy Controls and Children With Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Exercise creates a physiologic burden with recovery from such effort crucial to adaptation. Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) refers to the body’s increased metabolic need after work. This investigation was designed to determine the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the description of exercise recovery in healthy controls (NL) and children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Subjects were recruited with exercise testing performed to exhaustion. Exercise time (EXT), heart rate (HR), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. Four-site NIRS (brain, kidney, deltoid, and vastus lateralis) were measured during exercise and into recovery to establish trends. Fifty individuals were recruited for each group (NL = 26 boys and 24 girls; CHD = 33 boys and 17 girls). Significant differences existed between EXT, VO2, and peak HR (P \u3c 0.01). NIRS values were examined at four distinct intervals: rest, peak work, and 2 and 5 min after exercise. Significant cerebral hyperemia was seen in children with CHD post exercise when compared to normal individuals in whom redistribution patterns were directed to somatic muscles. These identified trends support an immediate compensation of organ systems to re-establish homeostasis in peripheral beds through enhanced perfusion. Noninvasive NIRS monitoring helps delineate patterns of redistribution associated with EPOC in healthy adolescents and children with CHD

Near Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Detects Anaerobic Threshold

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides assessment of the integrative responses involving the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Application of exercise testing remains limited to children who are able to understand and cooperate with the exercise protocol. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a noninvasive, continuous method to monitor regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2). Our specific aim was to predict anaerobic threshold (AT) during CPET noninvasively using two-site NIRS monitoring. Achievement of a practical noninvasive technology for estimating AT will increase the compatibility of CPET. Patients without structural or acquired heart disease were eligible for inclusion if they were ordered to undergo CPET by a cardiologist. Data from 51 subjects was analyzed. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) was computed on VCO2 and respiratory quotient post hoc using the standard V-slope method. The inflection points of the regional rSO2 time-series were identified as the noninvasive regional NIRS AT for each of the two monitored regions (cerebral and kidney). AT calculation made using an average of kidney and brain NIRS matched the calculation made by VAT for the same patient. Two-site NIRS monitoring of visceral organs is a predictor of AT

Effect of Fontan Fenestration on Regional Venous Oxygen Saturation During Exercise: Further Insights Into Fontan Fenestration Closure

Fontan fenestration closure is a topic of great debate. The body of data regarding the risks and benefits of fenestration closure is limited yet growing. Previous studies have demonstrated that Fontan patients have less exercise capacity than those with normal cardiovascular anatomy. Differences also have been noted within various subgroups of Fontan patients such as whether Fontan is fenestrated or not. This study aimed to compare trends in regional oxygen saturations using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in patients with Fontan circulations during ramping exercise to further delineate differences between patients with and without a fenestration. It was hypothesized that Fontan patients with fenestrations have better exercise times, higher absolute regional oxygen venous saturations, and smaller arteriovenous differences than Fontan patients without fenestrations. For this study, 50 consecutive Fontan patients and 51 consecutive patients with normal cardiovascular anatomy were recruited. Placement of NIRS probes was performed to obtain regional oxygen saturations from the brain and the kidney. Readings were obtained at 1-min intervals during rest, exercise, and recovery. A standard Bruce protocol was used with a 5-min recovery period. Absolute regional tissue oxygenation values (rSO2) and arterial-venous oxygen saturation differences (AVDO2) calculated as arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2)—rSO2 for normal versus Fontan patients and for fenestrated versus unfenestrated Fontan patients were compared using independent t tests. When normal and Fontan patients were compared, the Fontan patients had a significantly shorter duration of exercise (9.3 vs 13.2 min; p \u3c 0.001). No statistically significant difference in rSO2 change or AVDO2 was evident at the time of peak exercise, at 2 min into the recovery, or at 5 min into the recovery. A small oxygen debt also was paid back to the brain in the Fontan patients after exercise, as evidenced by a narrower AVDO2 than at baseline. The comparison of Fontan patients with and without fenestration showed no statistically significant difference in exercise time, rSO2 change, or AVDO2. The Fontan patients were noted to have shorter exercise times than the normal patients and also appeared to have an alteration in postexertional regional blood flow. However, when the various Fontan subtypes were compared by presence or absence of a fenestration, no significant differences were noted with regard to change in regional oxygen saturation or arteriovenous oxygen saturation. Thus, for patients with Fontan physiology, closure of the fenestration does not seem to have an impact on the dynamics of regional oxygen extraction during exercise or recovery

Wound Healing Activity of Calotropis Procera Root Bark on Diabetic Rats

Herbal therapy and herbal medicine in traditional medicine as well as in alternative medicine practiced in the developed world. There is recent most of the harbal formulation are used to cure & improve the humal life. The present study Wound healing activity of Calotropis procera root bark on diabetic rats in that root bark is extracted from ethanolic extract using soxhlet method. The pharmacognostic study was done after that phytochemical characters should be studied. The root bark has alkaloids, Flavonoids, steroids and tannins active constituents.  Acute toxicity study carried out with three pharmacological models Incision model, Excision model, and Dead space model. All the extract show predominant activity against selected species. Extract shows beneficial effect on diabetic wound it heals in time with standard component. Overall results of this study reveals that this is an effective extract on diabetic wound. Keywords: Traditional medicine, Calotropis procera, Wound Healing Activit

Cephalopod fishery of Visakhapatnam - trend and present status

Andhra Pradesh contributes nearly 8% to the total marine fish production of India. The cephalopods contribute a little over 1% to the total marine fish landings of Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, cephalopods are landed by large trawlers (12-14 m, 98/110 HP), known as sona boats and smaller trawlers (9.5-10 m, 68/90 HP). Total cephalopods landed during the period 2000-2010 was 23629 t and the total effort was 37399153. Cephalopod production increased from 1011 t in 2000 to over 2300 t in 2002. Thereafter there was a declining trend up to 2006. In 2006-2007, the production increased to over 2500 t. In 2008, there was a drastic decline. However, there has been an increasing trend in production in 2009-2010 (Fig. 1). Cephalopods contributed 0.53% in 2000 and 1.6% in 2010, to the total marine fish landings of Andhra Pradesh (Fig. 1). The annual average cephalopod production for the period was 2148 t, forming an average 1.04% of the total marine fish landings in Andhra Pradesh

Seasonality of birth in India

The conception rate in Baroda and Manipal, India, is lowest during the hottest weather. The greatest extremes are found in Baroda and, following high summer temperatures, there is a prolongation of low conception rates which may indicate that part or all of the effect is mediated through an effect on scrotal temperature. However, other factors may also be involved and a reduction of coital frequency is likely at extremes of temperature. Seasonal changes in abortion, stillbirths and prematurity are also observed. Changes in spontaneous abortion could be due to heat stress in the mother or possibly to abnormal sperm production at high temperature or to less frequent coitus, leading to embryonic defect

A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Calotropis Procera

The plant Calotropis procera  (Aiton) Dryand belong to the Apocynaceae family it is popularly known as “Rui” in Marathi, “ Mudar” in hindi other common name include Rubber Bush, Apple of sodom. (India & Pakistan). The bark and leaves are known to show wound healing, shows anti-Hyperglycemic effect, Analgesic, Anti pyretic, neuromuscular blocking activity, Purgative, anti-cancer activities. The phytochemistry of plant reveals presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, cardenolides, anthocyanins, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol, β-sitosterol, flavanols, mudarine, resins, a powerful bacteriolytic enzyme calactin, a nontoxic proteolytic enzyme calotropin, and a wax was isolated from the heartwood of Calotropis procera. The present review focuses on pharmacological activities of Calotropis procera. Keywords:  Calotropis procera, anti- Hyperglycemic effect, wound healing, pharmacological activities

The pycnogonid (Endeis mollis Carpenter, 1904) associated with hydroids from the inshore waters of Visakhapatnam, India

The sea spider or pycnogonid, identified as Endeis mollis Carpenter, 1904 were isolated from hydroids colonized for over 45 days on a large floating cage installed at Visakhapatnam inshore area at a depth of 10-12 m. More than 50% of the population consisted of males carrying egg mass. Occurrence of E. mollis off Visakhapatnam as well as their association with hydroids in Indian waters is reported for the first time

Histomorphology and immunohistochemistry of adenocarcinoma and fibroma in Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847) from Palk Bay, Southeast coast of India

A single specimen of Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps was observed with wart-like appearances in three different regions of the fish: one on the premaxillary part, and other two on the skin and at the vent region respectively. Mucosal tissues were expunged and preserved in 10 % neutral phosphate-buffered formalin for histological examination. Based on the histopathological analysis, lesions were identified as adenocarcinoma and fibroma on the premaxillary part and skin, respectively. Based on the immunohistochemistry, vimentin and cytokeratin-like proteins were demonstrated, suggesting that the wart-like extrusions were fibroma and adenocarcinoma respectively

Marine fisheries of Andhra Pradesh: a decadal analysis

The average annual marine fish landing of Andhra Pradesh during 2000-2010 was 1.99 lakh t. Fishing effort declined by 33% and 9% in terms of fishing units and fishing hours respectively. Pelagic finfishes contributed 55.6% to the total marine catch, followed by demersal finfishes (27%), crustaceans (14.4%) and molluscs (1.1%). Trawl nets contributed 44.24% to the total catch, followed by gillnets (23.95%). Oilsardine landings fluctuated between a maximum of 19125 t in 2000 and a minimum of 1068 t in 2002. Mackerel landings fluctuated between a maximum of 22763 t in 2009 and a minimum of 6418 t in 2007. Carangids and tunas registered continuous increase in catch over the years; the former from 9964 t in 2000 to 13268 t in 2010 and the latter from 2899 t in 2000 to 10515 t in 2010. Around one third of the tuna landing was contributed by the yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, caught mainly by hooks and lines. Their landing increased on an average at Visakhapatnam from a meager 395 t during 2001-2005 to 2918 t during 2006-2010. Landings of some of the demersal resources namely, threadfin breams, croakers, lizardfishes and goatfishes increased substantially during the period. Threadfin bream increased by 348.9% from 1209 t in 2000 to 5427 t in 2010, croakers by 50.8% from 8054 t in 2000 to 12142 t in 2010, lizard fish by 297.7% from 1062 t in 2000 to 4224 t in 2010 and goat fish by 129.3% from 3501 t in 2000 to 8027 t in 2010. Among crustacean resources crabs showed the highest increase in landings by 125.4% from 2791 t in 2000 to 6292 t in 2010. The landing of penaeid prawns increased by 21% from 22657 t in 2000 to 27408 t in 2010, while non-penaeid prawn landings decreased by 12.3% from 2685 t in 2000 to 2354 t in 2010. Cephalopod resources have also shown a substantial increase of 282% during the period ranging from 1011 t in 2000 to 3862 t in 2010. The assessment of trawl fishery at Visakhapatnam from 2007 to 2010 with reference to yield/recruit indicated that two (Metapenaeus monoceros and Portunus sanguinolentus) out of the twelve commercially important resources are currently overexploited and one resource (Pennahia macrophthalmus) is optimally exploited