Syntax-guided Neural Module Distillation to Probe Compositionality in Sentence Embeddings

Past work probing compositionality in sentence embedding models faces issues determining the causal impact of implicit syntax representations. Given a sentence, we construct a neural module net based on its syntax parse and train it end-to-end to approximate the sentence's embedding generated by a transformer model. The distillability of a transformer to a Syntactic NeurAl Module Net (SynNaMoN) then captures whether syntax is a strong causal model of its compositional ability. Furthermore, we address questions about the geometry of semantic composition by specifying individual SynNaMoN modules' internal architecture & linearity. We find differences in the distillability of various sentence embedding models that broadly correlate with their performance, but observe that distillability doesn't considerably vary by model size. We also present preliminary evidence that much syntax-guided composition in sentence embedding models is linear, and that non-linearities may serve primarily to handle non-compositional phrases.Comment: EACL 2023 (accepted

Economic Evaluation of vaccination program against covid-19 among children and elderly population in European Countries : A Systematic Literature Review

Background – The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has had a significant global impact, with severe implications for public health and economies worldwide. As the virus spreads and new variants emerge, effective vaccination strategies are crucial in controlling the pandemic and mitigating its burden on healthcare systems. Understanding the cost-effectiveness of different vaccination approaches is essential for decision-makers to allocate limited resources efficiently and prioritize interventions for which a systematic literature review was used. Objectives- In this systematic literature review, we aim to report and synthesize health economic evaluations of vaccination programs against Covid-19 in European countries among children compared with an elderly population. Methods- According to Mandrik et al. (2021), a Systematic Literature Review consists of six stages, (i) planning and development, (ii) evidence search, (iii) study selection, (iv) quality assessment, (v) data extraction, and synthesis, (vi) presenting results. This SLR used CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and EMBASE databases. Use of health-economic databases and grey literature were also used. Results- Through search identification, 6053 articles were found, of which 333 were removed because of duplication. Then after the title and abstract screening, 162 articles were selected for the full-text screening, and the rest were excluded for multiple reasons. No potentially relevant study was included in the final inclusion. Conclusion- We did not find any relevant articles that reported an economic evaluation of covid-19 vaccination program among the children population compared to the elderly population in European countries. More evidence is required for the children population to evaluate the vaccination program economically

Cross-modal Attention Congruence Regularization for Vision-Language Relation Alignment

Despite recent progress towards scaling up multimodal vision-language models, these models are still known to struggle on compositional generalization benchmarks such as Winoground. We find that a critical component lacking from current vision-language models is relation-level alignment: the ability to match directional semantic relations in text (e.g., "mug in grass") with spatial relationships in the image (e.g., the position of the mug relative to the grass). To tackle this problem, we show that relation alignment can be enforced by encouraging the directed language attention from 'mug' to 'grass' (capturing the semantic relation 'in') to match the directed visual attention from the mug to the grass. Tokens and their corresponding objects are softly identified using the cross-modal attention. We prove that this notion of soft relation alignment is equivalent to enforcing congruence between vision and language attention matrices under a 'change of basis' provided by the cross-modal attention matrix. Intuitively, our approach projects visual attention into the language attention space to calculate its divergence from the actual language attention, and vice versa. We apply our Cross-modal Attention Congruence Regularization (CACR) loss to UNITER and improve on the state-of-the-art approach to Winoground.Comment: ACL 202

Production and Management Practices of Goat Farming in Sirohi District, India

Total 80 respondents  from Sirohi tehsil of Sirohi  district  from 4 randomly  selected villages were used for this study. Total 80 respondents were used in this study. The results indicated  that  most  of goat  owners  took  extra  care  at the time  of kidding  (75.00%)  and pregnant doe (81.25%). 55.00 per cent respondents used 20 -40 breedable  goat per breeding buck for service. Results showed that 60.00 per cent goat owners gave extra ration to buck during breeding season. 40.00 per cent respondents change the breeding buck every year to avoid  inbreeding and 47.50 per cent goat owners bred  the goat during rainy season and half of goat  owners  selected  the breeding  buck  on the basis  of body  weight.  Majority  of goat owners practiced  semi  stall-feeding  (60.00%),  4 -6 hours grazing  (40.00%)  and grazing  on community type pasture land (56.25%). All goat owners protected the pasture land. Balance ration was feed by 37.50 per cent and 62.50 per cent did not know regarding balance feeding. Majority of respondents  offered green fodder feeding (65.00%), looping of trees (93.75%), feeding  dry  fodder  (68.75%),  out  of them  result  showed  that  36.25  per  cent  feeding  of concentrate  and 63.75  per cent did not know regarding  feeding  of concentrate,  give extra ration to kids for meat purpose (65.00%). Data showed that feeding of pregnancy ration for pregnant  animal  (32.50%),  feeding  of mineral  mixture  (77.50%),  feeding  of common  salt (45.00%) and most of goat owners were used clean water for drinking purpose (93.75%)

Adoption of Management Practices of Goat Farming in Sirohi Tehsil of Sirohi District, Rajasthan, India

Total 80 respondents from Sirohi tehsil of Sirohi district from 4 randomly selected villages were used for this study. Total 80 respondents were used in this study. Results showed that 67.50% of respondents had partially adopted the goat management practices. Majority of the respondents highly adopted the feeding and marketing practice among the goat management practices. In breeding practices, heat detection by observing proper symptoms was highly adopted by goat owners and obtained overall first rank (MPS=91.35). In case of feeding practices, protection of pasture land from predator/wild animals through fencing was highly adopted by the goat owners and obtained first rank (MPS=93.33). Adoption of providing drinking water through in animal shed got first rank in housing practices. In case of health care practices, disposal of placenta was highly adopted by the goat owners and obtained first rank. Sale of buck at the marketing age was highly adopted among the marketing practices for getting higher price and obtained firstrank

A study of practical aspects of menstrual hygiene -A Rural community based study

Method: Data collection regarding their current knowledge about menstruation & menstrual hygiene was collected by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Topics included-concerning menstruation, source of information, menstrual hygiene. This was explained to the girls going to school in their classroom after taking permission from the school authority. Result : 1. The mean age -14.5 yrs, Minimum age -11 yrs, Maximum age -20yrs 2. Menstrual related problem--Regular menstrual cycle -73% Nature of bleeding -Moderate -64 %, Heavy -22 %, Scanty -14 % 3. Other complaints during menstrual cycleAbdominal pain -59.25 %, Giddiness -15%, Nausea and vomiting -18 %, Generalised weakness -47 % girls, White discharge -22 % 4. Menstrual hygiene Taking regular bath.-90 %, Cleaning of external genitals-77 %, Use of clothes -35%, Sanitary napkins -65 %. Nutrition - According to B.M.I.-55.55 % in healthy and 44.45% were underweight group

Variation in Hospital-use and Outcomes Associated with Pulmonary Artery Catheterization in Heart Failure in the United States

Background There has been an increase in the use of pulmonary artery (PA) catheters in heart failure (HF) in the United States in recent years. However, patterns of hospital-use and trends in patient outcomes are not known. Methods and Results In the National Inpatient Sample 2001–2012, using ICD-9 codes we identified 11,888,525 adult (≥18 years) HF hospitalizations nationally, of which an estimated 75,209 (SE 0.6%) received a PA catheter. In 2001, the number of hospitals with ≥1 PA catheterization was 1753, decreasing to 1183 in 2011. The mean PA catheter use per hospital trended from 4.9/year in 2001 (limits 1–133) to 3.8/year in 2007 (limits 1–46), but increased to 5.5/year in 2011 (limits 1–70). During 2001–2006, PA catheterization declined across hospitals; however, in 2007–2012 there has been a disproportionate increase at hospitals with large bedsize, teaching programs, and advanced HF capabilities. The overall in-hospital mortality with PA catheter use was higher than without PA catheter use (13.1% vs. 3.4%, P<0.0001), however, in propensity-matched analysis, differences in mortality between these groups have attenuated over time – risk-adjusted odds ratio for mortality for PA-catheterization, 1.66 (95% CI 1.60–1.74) in 2001–2003 down to 1.04 (95% CI 0.97– 1.12) in 2010–2012. Conclusions There is substantial hospital-level variability in PA catheterization in HF along with increasing volume at fewer hospitals overrepresented by large, academic hospitals with advanced HF capabilities. This is accompanied by a decline in excess mortality associated with PA catheterization