α-Tertiary Dialkyl Ether Synthesis via Reductive Photocatalytic α-Functionalization of Alkyl Enol Ethers

The photocatalytic construction of C(sp3)-rich α-tertiary dialkyl ethers through the reductive α-functionalization of alkyl enol ether substrates with conjugated alkenes in the presence of a Hantzsch ester terminal reductant under blue LED irradiation is described. Pivoting on oxocarbenium ion generation via an initial TMSCl-facilitated protic activation of the enol ether substrate, subsequent single-electron transfer to this intermediate delivers the putative nucleophilic α-oxy tertiary radical capable of productively combining with a variety of alkene substrates. The reductive functionalization strategy was simple to perform, efficient, broad in scope with respect to both alkene acceptor and enol ether donor fragments, and delivered a wide range of complex α-tertiary dialkyl ether architectures

Visualization of hierarchical structure of multispectral remote sensing data

A method of visualization of multispectral remote sensing data hierarchical structure for their analysis by an expert is described. The method is based on visualization of the segmented image that corresponds to the selected by the expert part of hierarchic clusterization dendrogram of remote sensing multispectral image. The above dendrogram is a hierarchy of the spectral patterns of the studied objects. The choice of the dendrogram part results from the aimed visual search by the expert of the studied objects on the segmented images by use of his visual abilities as well as knowledge and intuition. The factors producing errors are investigated, and ways of their reduction are described

Vegetation database of Tatarstan

© 2017 Gebrüder Borntraeger, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany. The Republic of Tatarstan is situated between forest and steppe natural zones in the boreal mega-ecotone and has a high species and plant community diversity. The Vegetation Database of Tatarstan (GIVD Database ID: EU-RU-011) is based on phytosociological relevés, herbaria and floristic records. It includes over 8,000 plot records, almost half of them being georeferenced. The database is part of the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and sPlot projects. In EVA it has a semi-restricted access mode

The mass transfer of chemical elements and of their compounds in agrocenoses

The analysis of publications on the mass transfer of chemical elements in agrocenosis in the soil – plant system was carried out. Methods for estimating the content of mobile forms of chemical compounds coming from the soil into plants are considered. The phenomena of antagonism and synergism are characterized, and the necessity to consider them while planning fertilizer application is indicated. It is shown that the phenomena of synergism and antagonism of elements can be used in agriculture to regulate the flow of heavy metals or radionuclides into agricultural products. A balance model for mass transfer of chemical elements in agrocenosis is analyzed. It is shown that the introduction of organic fertilizers in soil mostly leads to a positive balance of microelements in the agrosystem. To characterize the efficiency of fertilizer use an assessment of the balance of nutrients in the agrosystem is required. The removal of trace elements by agricultural crops increases with the use of mineral fertilizers in doses that are optimal for the cultivation of crops in the region. In some cases, the input of heavy metals with technogenic fallout may exceed the removal of metals by plants from the soil. It may cause the accumulation of metals in the system. In uncontaminated background areas, the levels of microelement intake from fertilizers and atmospheric fallout in agrocenoses are comparable

Mathematical approaches to the analysis of the spatial-age structures of tussock herb species

Some up-to-date methods of analysis of the spatial and age structures of populations, including local population density maps and Ripley's functions, are described using 20 cenopopulations (CPs) of Adonis vernalis L. as an example. Pregenerative plants have been found to be the most contagious, irrespective of climatic and phytocenotic conditions and land use type. The spatial distribution pattern and structure of A. vernalis are mainly determined by generative plants forming a tussock, irrespective of the climate and vegetation type. This is explained by higher competitiveness of generative plants, which results in a reduced vegetation density at small distances from them (25-50 cm). Within wider areas, plant distribution may be random due to uniformity of local conditions in microhabitats. The formation of distinct plant aggregations is accounted for by insufficient water supply and the intensity and type of anthropogenic impact. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009

The Main Modern Trends in the Economy and Society in the Development of Tourism

Research aimed to reveal the character of the links between main modern trends in the economy and society and the development of tourism as one of the sectors of the Russian economy, on the one hand, and the type of human activity, on the othe

Successional dynamics of forest ecosystems composition and productivity

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. Forest vegetation of modern landscapes is a complex of successional systems, including communities at different stages of degressively demutational dynamics. Changes affect composition of species, forming forest stand and ground cover. The primary production and stocks of forest ecosystem biomass vary depending on the environmental conditions of the habitat and successional stages. During the research, we have identified three types of succession systems formed under conditions of territorial complexes studied: a succession system of lime-oak nemoral forests in the NTC (natural territorial complex) of high interfluvial plains, succession system of spruceoak- linden nemoral forests in the NTC of high interfluvial plains and succession system of Raifa spruce moos forests in the NTC of indigenous valley slopes. Birch and limetree forests are the most productive

Land Resources of Alagirskii District As a Factor of Sustainable Development of the Agro-industrial Complex

The most important condition for the rational organization of the territory is the formation of a morphological appearance, which is distinguished by high productivity, ecological diversity, aesthetic appeal, and will satisfy sanitary and hygienic requirements. The use of land resources in the Alagirskii District of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the development of measures for rational organization of the territory, with the creation of an effective system of land use, evaluation criteria of environmental reliability, social acceptability, economic efficiency and compliance with the legal regime of land use, are a necessary condition for the rational use of land. In this work, materials of land inventory for 2016–2018, data of the committee of land and property relations of the district, statistical data on the effectiveness of agricultural land were used. The developed data allows to establish the optimal ratio of natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems for this natural-agricultural zone, to establish optimal areas of arable and forage lands that need improvement based on the landscape features of the territory for stability and development of agricultural production

Molecular alterations in the culture of lung cancer cells H1299 after exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation

Objective To study the copy number of genes-components of signaling cascades involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis under the influence of high doses of ionizing radiation.Material and Мethods The study was carried out on a culture of H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell lines were cultured in a Binder incubator (Germany) for 24 h (at 37 °C, 5% CO2 ), and then the groups were divided into therapeutic and control. The first one was irradiated with a NovalisTx, Varian linear accelerator at doses from 18 to 24 Gy, the second was not exposed to radiation. During the study, we monitored cell viability and evaluated apoptotic activity, then each sample was amplified in two iterations. During the study, cell viability was monitored, apoptotic activity was assessed, and then each sample was amplified in two replicates. The relative copy number of genetic loci was determined by Real-Time qPCR (RT-qPCR).Results When comparing the relative copy number in the genetic loci of the H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cell culture after exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation, a statistically significant decrease in the relative copy number of the CASP3 and RBBP8 genes was found, which may indicate a decrease in the potential of caspase-mediated tumor repopulation and an increase in the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.Conclusion Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation leads to a detrimental effect on tumor cells and allows to overcome one of the mechanisms of radioresistance – tumor cell repopulation

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ СПОСОБОВ КОМПЛЕКСИРОВАНИЯ В СИСТЕМАХ НАВИГАЦИИ И ПОСАДКИ

Advantages and disadvantages of various navigation methods are considered. The main advantage of an inertial method of navigation consisting in a high noise stability is given. The drawback of this navigation method consisting in accumulating mistakes by the time is given. The benefit of satellite navigation systems from the point of view of their globality and high precision of measurement is proved. Disadvantages and advantages of a rho-rho navigation in comparison with satellite navigation systems are considered. The main activities of a complex using of satellite and radar navigation aids, and also satellite and inertial navigation aids are given. Various systems of complex use of a rho-rho navigation and satellite navigation systems are considered. The common important faults inherent in methods and systems according to patents are in detail considered. Methods of a complex using of inertial and satellite navigation systems in the form of inertial system use are given in a complex with the satellite receiver in contours of phase and frequency autocontrol of a satellite signal to increase accuracy and continuity of a signal from the receiver, and also in the form of a satellite method use with the differential mode to increase accuracy of an inertial method with correcting the inertial system signal are given. The analysis of various patents for complex methods of navigation is carried out.Рассмотрены достоинства и недостатки различных способов навигации. Приведено основное достоинство инерциального способа навигации, заключающееся в высокой помехоустойчивости. Приведен недостаток этого способа навигации, заключающийся в накоплении ошибок с течением времени. Обосновано преимущество спутниковых систем навигации с точки зрения их глобальности и высокой точности измерения. Рассмотрены недостатки и достоинства дальномерного способа навигации по сравнению со спутниковыми системами навигации. Приведены основные направления комплексирования спутниковых и радиолокационных средств навигации, а также спутниковых и инерциальных средств навигации. Предложены различные системы комплексного использования дальномерного способа навигации и спутниковых систем навигации. Подробно рассмотрены общие важные недостатки, присущие способам и системам по патентам. Приведены способы комплексирования инерциальной и спутниковой систем навигации в виде использования инерциальной системы в комплексе со спутниковым приемником в контурах авторегулирования фазы и частоты спутникового сигнала для повышения точности и непрерывности сигнала на выходе приемника, а также в виде использования спутникового способа с дифференциальным режимом для повышения точности инерциального способа путем коррекции сигнала на выходе инерциальной системы. Проведен анализ различных патентов на комплексные способы навигации