Consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: Effects of changes in daily life on musical engagement and functions of music

The current study investigated how music has been used during the COVID-19 pandemic and how personal factors have affected music-listening behavior. During the shutdown in Spring 2020 in Germany, 539 participants took part in an online survey reporting on functions of music listening, attributes of listened music, and active engagement with music, retrospectively before and during the pandemic. Next to these implicit questions, participants were asked to describe the changes they explicitly noticed in handling music during COVID-19, their current worries, and their new everyday life during the pandemic as well as personality traits and stress reactivity. A logistic regression model was fitted, showing that people reduced their active engagement with music during the lockdown, and the function of killing time and overcoming loneliness became more important, reflecting the need for distraction and filling the silence. Before the lockdown, music was listened to for the function of motor synchronization and enhanced well-being, which reflects how people have lost both their musical and activity routines during the lockdown. The importance of in-person engagement with music in people’s lives became particularly evident in the connection between worries about further restrictions and the need for live musi

Introduction to Research Dialogues

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141903/1/jcpy82.pd

Polarized imagination: partisanship influences the direction and consequences of counterfactual thinking

Four studies examine how political partisanship qualifies previously-documented regularities in people’s counterfactual thinking (*N* = 1,186 Democrats and Republicans). First, whereas prior work finds that people generally prefer to think about how things could have been better instead of worse (i.e., entertain counterfactuals in an upward vs. downward direction), Studies 1a–2 find that partisans are more likely to generate and endorse counterfactuals in whichever direction best aligns with their political views. Second, previous research finds that the closer someone comes to causing a negative event, the more blame that person receives; Study 3 finds that this effect is more pronounced among partisans who oppose (vs. support) a leader who “almost” caused a negative event. Thus, partisan reasoning may influence which alternatives to reality people will find most plausible, will be most likely to imagine spontaneously, and will view as sufficient grounds for blame

Motivated counterfactual thinking and moral inconsistency: how we use our imaginations to selectively condemn and condone

People selectively enforce their moral principles, excusing wrongdoing when it suits them. We identify an underappreciated source of this moral inconsistency: the ability to imagine counterfactuals, or alternatives to reality. Counterfactual thinking offers three sources of flexibility that people exploit to justify preferred moral conclusions: People can (a) generate counterfactuals with different content (e.g., consider how things could have been better or worse), (b) think about this content using different comparison processes (i.e., focus on how it is similar to or different than reality), and (c) give the result of these processes different weights (i.e., allow counterfactuals more or less influence on moral judgments). These sources of flexibility help people license unethical behavior and can fuel political conflict. Motivated reasoning may be less constrained by facts than previously assumed; people’s capacity to condemn and condone whom they wish may be limited only by their imaginations

Foreign-Looking Native-Accented People:More Competent When First Seen Rather Than Heard?

Psychological research has neglected people whose accent does not match their appearance. Most research on person perception has focused on appearance, overlooking accents that are equally important social cues. If accents were studied, it was often done in isolation (i.e., detached from appearance). We examine how varying accent and appearance information about people affects evaluations. We show that evaluations of expectancy- violating people shift in the direction of the added information. When a job candidate looked foreign, but later spoke with a native accent, his evaluations rose and he was evaluated best of all candidates (Experiment 1a). However, the sequence in which information was presented mattered: when heard first and then seen, his evaluations dropped (Experiment 1b). Findings demonstrate the importance of studying the combination and sequence of different types of information in impression formation. They also allow predicting reactions to ethnically mixed people, who are increasingly present in modern societies

Amygdala involvement in self-blame regret

Regret-related brain activity is dependent on free choice, but it is unclear whether this activity is a function of more subtle differences in the degree of responsibility a decision-maker exerts over a regrettable outcome. In this experiment, we show that trial-by-trial subjective ratings of regret depend on a higher subjective sense of responsibility, as well as being dependent on objective responsibility. Using fMRI we show an enhanced amygdala response to regret-related outcomes when these outcomes are associated with high, as compared to low, responsibility. This enhanced response was maximal in participants who showed a greater level of enhancement in their subjective ratings of regret engendered by an objective increase in responsibility. Orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex showed opposite effects, with an enhanced response for regret-related outcomes when participants were not objectively responsible. The findings indicate that the way the brain processes regret-related outcomes depends on both objective and subjective aspects of responsibility, highlighting the critical importance of the amygdala

Mixed emotions to near-miss outcomes: a psychophysiological study with facial electromyography

Near-misses occur across many forms of gambling and are rated as unpleasant while simultaneously increasing the motivation to continue playing. On slot machines, the icon position relative to the payline moderates the effects of near-misses, with near-misses before the payline increasing motivation, and near-misses after the payline being rated as aversive. Near-misses are also known to increase physiological arousal compared to full-misses, but physiological measures to date have not been able to dissociate positive and negative emotional responses. The present study measured facial electromyography at the corrugator (brow) and zygomaticus (cheek) sites, as well as electrodermal activity (EDA), following gambling outcomes on a two-reel slot machine simulation in 77 novice gamblers. Behavioral data was collected using trial-by-trial ratings of motivation and valence. Wins were rated as more pleasant and increased motivation to continue playing, compared to non-win outcomes. Wins were also accompanied by increased EDA and zygomaticus activity. Near-misses after the payline were rated as more aversive than other non-wins, and this was accompanied by increased EDA and zygomaticus activity. Near-misses before the payline increased motivation to continue playing, and were accompanied by increased EDA. Thus, both subjective and physiological responses to near-misses differ for events falling either side of the payline. The ‘near-miss effect’ is not a unitary phenomenon. Facial EMG has differential sensitivity to positive and negative valence and may be a useful measure for future studies of gambling behavior

Fundamentos teóricos-práticos e protocolos de extração e de amplificação de DNA por meio da técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase.

Caracterização molecular dos ácidos nucléicos; Obtenção de amostras para extração de dna; Cuidados durante e após a extração de dna; Material necessário para extração de dna; Extração de dna de amostras de tecidos de mamíferos; Material; Digestão da amostra; Extração do dna com fenol; Purificação do dna por meio de precipitação com etanol; Protocolos empregados na rotina de extração de dna de amostras de sangue; Extração de dna de amostras de sangue com a utilização de colunas de extração; Protocolo de extração de dna de sangue mediante precipitação com sal; Extração de dna de amostras congeladas de sangue; Protocolos empregados na extração de dna de amostras de artrópodes com utilização de colunas de purificação; Protocolo para extração de dna de amostras de carrapatos com colunas de purificação 11; Protocolo de extração de dna de ovos de carrapatos com a utilização de colunas de purificação; Extração de dna de amostras de sêmen; Extração de dna de plantas; Leitura da concentração de dna nas amostras Introdução à tecnica de pcr; Escolha dos primers ou iniciadores; Pcr "multiplex" ; Nested-pcr; Pcr quantitativa; Eletroforese de ácidos nucléicos; Eletroforese em gel de agarose; Variáveis que afetam a migração do dna através do gel de agarose; Protocolo para análise de produtos de amplificação e fragmentos de digestão em gel de agarose; Eletroforese em sistema capilar; Protocolo para análise de produtos de amplificação em sistema capilar; Protocolos de amplificação de dna parasitário; Pcr para babesia bigemina; Nested-pcr para babesia bigemina; Eletroforese em gel de agarose para visualização dos produtos amplificados

Controle químico das doenças da parte aérea da cultivar BRS Guabiju, safra 2006.

bitstream/CNPT-2010/40315/1/p-bp42.pd