Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Esther (dhaee) Microcapsule Production By Spray-drying: Optimization By Experimental Design [obtenção De Microcápsulas Do éster Etílico Do ácido Docosa-hexaenoico (dhaee) Por Atomização: Otimização Através De Planejamento Experimental]

Docosahexaenoic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with important metabolic activities. Its conjugated double bonds make it susceptible to decomposition. Its stability may be improved through fatty acid entrapment with a spray-drying technique; however, the many parameters involved in this technique must be considered to avoid affecting the final product quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entrapment conditions and yields of fish oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Microcapsules were obtained from Acacia gum using a spray-drying technique. The experimental samples were analyzed by chromatography and delineated by Statistica software, which found the following optimum entrapment conditions: an inlet temperature of 188 °C; 30% core material; an N 2 flow rate of 55 mm; and a pump flow rate of 12.5 mL/minute. These conditions provided a 66% yield of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in the oil, corresponding to 19.8% of entrapped docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (w/w). This result was considered significant since 30% corresponded to wall material.313589596Ahn, J.H., Optimization of microencapsulation of seed oil by response surface methodology (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 98-105. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.067Bertolini, A.C., Siani, A.C., Grosso, C.R.F., Stability of monoterpenes of encapsulated in gum arabic by spray drying (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp. 780-785. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000436y, PMid:11262028Botelho, M.L.R., (1999) Propriedades Físico- Químicas Do Exsudato De Anacardium Occidentale L Para Indústria De Alimentos, , 113 f. 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Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2001Martin, C.A., Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: Importância e ocorrência em alimentos (2006) Revista De Nutrição, 19 (6), pp. 761-770Narayan, B., Miyashita, K., Hosakawa, M., Physiological effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review (2006) Food Reviews International, 22 (3), pp. 291-307. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559120600694622Nori, M.A., Ingredientes e aditivos microencapsulados na indústria de alimentos (1996) Engenharia De Alimentos, 1 (6), pp. 33-34Pauletti, M.S., Amestoy, P., Butter microencapsulation as affected by composition of wall material and fat (1999) Journal of Food Science, 64, pp. 279-282. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15882.xRé, M.I., Microencapsulation by spray drying (1998) Drying Technology, 16 (6), pp. 1195-1236. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917460Ré, M.I., Microencapsulação: Em busca de produtos' inteligentes (2000) Ciência Hoje, 27 (162), pp. 24-29Robbers, J.E., Speedie, M.K., Tyler, V.E., (1997) Farmacognosia E Farmacobiotecnologia, p. 372. , Tradução de Benedetti, I. 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On-Flow LC-MS/MS method for screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitors

The screening of compounds is the initial step in research for the development of new drugs. For this reason, the availability of fast and reliable tools for the screening of a large number of compounds becomes essential. Among the therapeutic targets, the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) is of great interest for its importance as a biological source of superoxide radicals, which contribute to the oxidative stress on organisms and are involved in many pathological processes. In the present study, we validated a new method using an immobilized capillary enzyme reactor in an LC system directly coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to screen for XO ligands. The use of mass spectrometry provided selectivity and speed to the system, eliminating the analytical separation step. The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) value determined for the immobilized enzyme was 14.5 ± 0.4 μmol L−1, which is consistent with the value previously reported for the XO-ICER with UV detection in a 2D LC method. The on-line approach was successfully applied to assay the XO inhibitory activities of thirty isolated compounds from different classes of natural products and provided greater productivity (288 analysis/day) than 2D LC method (84 analysis/day) of screened samples181CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP154061/2018-22016/24087-

Development And Characterization Of Microsatellite Markers For Hebanthe Eriantha (amaranthaceae)

Premise of the study: Hebanthe eriantha (Amaranthaceae) is extensively collected and used in folk medicine. Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized to investigate the genetic structure and diversity of germplasm collections of this species. Methods and Results: Eleven highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed. The number of alleles observed for each locus ranged from two to eight. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.808 and 0.455 to 0.851, respectively. Conclusions: These results show the utility of microsatellite loci for studies of population genetics in H. eriantha, which are important for the future conservation and cultivation of this medicinal species. © 2011 Botanical Society of America.9810e282e283Billotte, N., Lagoda, P.J.L., Risterucci, A.-M., Baurens, F.-C., Microsatellite enriched libraries: Applied methodology for the development of SSR markers in tropical crops (1999) Fruits, 54, pp. 277-288Creste, S., Tulmann Neto, A., Figueira, A., Detection of single sequence repeat polymorphisms in denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gels by silver staining (2001) Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 19, pp. 299-306Doyle, J.J., Doyle, J.L., Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue (1990) Focus (San Francisco, Calif.), 12, pp. 13-15Goudet, J., FSTAT (version 1.2): A computer program to calculate F-statistics (1995) Journal of Heredity, 86, pp. 485-486Lewis, P.O., Zaykin, D., (2000) Genetic data analysis: Computer program for the analysis of allelic data, , http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/people/plewis/software, Version 1.0 (d15). Free program distributed by the authors over the internet from the GDA. Website, [accessed March 2011]Marchioretto, M.S., Miotto, S.T.S., Siqueira, J.C., Padrões de distribui ção geográfica dos táxons brasileiros de Hebanthe Mart. (Amaranthaceae) (2008) Pesquisas Botânicas, 59, pp. 159-170Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H.J., Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers (2000) Bioinformatics, methods and protocols: Methods in molecular biology, pp. 365-386. , In, S. Krawetz and S. Misener [eds.], Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USATakemoto, T., Nishimoto, N., Nakai, S., Takagi, N., Hayashi, S., Odashima, S., Wada, Y., Pfaffic acid, a novel nortriterpene from Pfaffia paniculata Kuntze (1983) Tetrahedron Letters, 24, pp. 1057-106

Inversão da sacarose utilizando ácido cítrico e suco de limão para preparo de dieta energética de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 Inversion of the sucrose using citric acid and lemon juice for preparing energetic diet of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758

Em época de escassez de néctar, pode-se fornecer ao enxame uma suplementação alimentar utilizando "açúcar invertido" que é obtido pela hidrólise da sacarose em meio ácido por aquecimento, formando uma mistura de glicose e frutose. O ácido normalmente utilizado em tal reação é o ácido cítrico, no entanto, diante da dificuldade de pequenos produtores apícolas em obterem tal produto comercialmente, uma alternativa seria substituí-lo pela utilização de suco de limões. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a inversão da sacarose em dietas para operárias de Apis mellifera, empregando-se o ácido cítrico e sucos de limões. Prepararam-se 21 soluções aquosas de açúcar cristal na proporção de 100 g/100 mL, colocando-se em cada uma 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 ou 20,0 mL de suco dos limões Galego [Citrus aurantifolia (C.) Swingle], Tahiti [Citrus latifolia Tanaka] ou Cravo [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck]. Além dessas, outras seis soluções aquosas de açúcar na mesma proporção foram preparadas adicionando-se 0,1; 0,16; 0,3; 0,5 e 0,7 g de ácido cítrico e uma para testemunha. Quantificou-se a inversão pelo método de Somogyi-Nelson. Para o limão Cravo foi encontrada a menor porcentagem de inversão. Em relação a adição de ácido cítrico, constatou-se que ao colocar 0,1 g, a inversão foi estimada em 12,2% enquanto que, com a adição de 0,16 g, a inversão seria de 18,8%. A quantidade máxima de ácido cítrico a ser adicionada foi estimada em 0,18 g adotando como critério o pH médio de 3,3 dos méis de abelhas africanizadas. Para os sucos dos limões Galego, Tahiti e Cravo, quando utilizados como substitutos do ácido cítrico, estimou-se a quantidade máxima a ser adicionada sendo igual a 2,1; 3,6 e 5,3 mL, respectivamente, para cada 100 g de açúcar em 100 mL de água, para o pH fixado em 3,3. Considerando-se a inversão e o pH, o suco do limão Tahiti forneceu melhores resultados.<br>In times of nectar shortage, food supplementation using "inverted sugar" obtained by sucrose hydrolysis in an acid environment by heating can be supplied to the hive, forming a glucose and fructose mixture. The acid usually used in such a reaction is the citric acid, however, due to the difficulty that small producers have to obtain the product commercially, an alternative would be to replace it with lemon juice. The objective of this work was to quantify the inversion of sucrose present in Apis mellifera worker diets by employing commercial citric acid and lemon juice. A total of 21 aqueous solutions of granulated sugar at the proportion of 100 g/100 mL were prepared, placing in each one 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 or 20.0 mL of the juices of the Galego [Citrus aurantifolia (C.) Swingle], Tahiti [Citrus latifolia Tanaka] or Cravo [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck] lemon varieties. In addition to those, six other aqueous sucrose solutions were prepared by adding 0.0 (control); 0.16; 0.3; 0.5 and 0.7 g citric acid. Sucrose inversion was quantified by using the Somogyi-Nelson method. For the Cravo lemon, the lowest inversion rate was found. Regarding the addition of citric acid, it was estimated that in placing 0.1 g, the inversion was of 12.2% while with 0.16 g, an inversion of 18.8% sucrose present in the solution. The maximum amount of citric acid to be added was estimated to be 0.18 g, adopting as a criterion the mean pH of 3.3 in Africanized bee honey. If Galego, Tahiti and Cravo lemon juices are used as replacements for the citric acid, the maximum added amount should be 2.1, 3.6 and 5.3 mL, respectively, for each 100 g sugar/100 mL water, at fixed pH of 3.3. Considering the inversion rate and pH level recommended for the use of citric acid, Tahiti lemon juice provides better results