Optical Trapping in a Dark Focus

The superposition of a Gaussian mode and a Laguerre-Gauss mode with $\ell=0,p\neq0$ generates the so-called bottle beam: a dark focus surrounded by a bright region. In this paper, we theoretically explore the use of bottle beams as an optical trap for dielectric spheres with a refractive index smaller than that of their surrounding medium. The forces acting on a small particle are derived within the dipole approximation and used to simulate the Brownian motion of the particle in the trap. The intermediate regime of particle size is studied numerically and it is found that stable trapping of larger dielectric particles is also possible. Based on the results of the intermediate regime analysis, an experiment aimed at trapping living organisms in the dark focus of a bottle beam is proposed.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure

(R)-2-Phen­oxy-1-(4-phenyl-2-sulfan­ylidene-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethanone

The central 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione ring in the title compound, C17H15NO3S, is approximately planar with maximum deviations of 0.036 (4) and −0.041 (5) Å for the O and methyl­ene-C atoms, respectively. The dihedral angles formed between this plane and the two benzene rings, which lie to the same side of the central plane, are 86.5 (2) [ring-bound benzene] and 50.6 (3)°. The ethan-1-one residue is also twisted out of the central plane, forming a O—C—N—C torsion angle of 151.5 (5)°. The dihedral angle formed by the benzene rings is 62.8 (2)° so that overall, the mol­ecule has a twisted U-shape. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into supra­molecular arrays two mol­ecules thick in the bc plane through C—H⋯O, C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π inter­actions

Genomic Analyses, Gene Expression and Antigenic Profile of the Trans-Sialidase Superfamily of Trypanosoma cruzi Reveal an Undetected Level of Complexity

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a highly debilitating human pathology that affects millions of people in the Americas. The sequencing of this parasite's genome reveals that trans-sialidase/trans-sialidase-like (TcS), a polymorphic protein family known to be involved in several aspects of T. cruzi biology, is the largest T. cruzi gene family, encoding more than 1,400 genes. Despite the fact that four TcS groups are well characterized and only one of the groups contains active trans-sialidases, all members of the family are annotated in the T. cruzi genome database as trans-sialidase. After performing sequence clustering analysis with all TcS complete genes, we identified four additional groups, demonstrating that the TcS family is even more heterogeneous than previously thought. Interestingly, members of distinct TcS groups show distinctive patterns of chromosome localization. Members of the TcSgroupII, which harbor proteins involved in host cell attachment/invasion, are preferentially located in subtelomeric regions, whereas members of the largest and new TcSgroupV have internal chromosomal locations. Real-time RT-PCR confirms the expression of genes derived from new groups and shows that the pattern of expression is not similar within and between groups. We also performed B-cell epitope prediction on the family and constructed a TcS specific peptide array, which was screened with sera from T. cruzi-infected mice. We demonstrated that all seven groups represented in the array are antigenic. A highly reactive peptide occurs in sixty TcS proteins including members of two new groups and may contribute to the known cross-reactivity of T. cruzi epitopes during infection. Taken together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the real complexity of the TcS family and open new avenues for investigating novel roles of this family during T. cruzi infection

Characteristics of Dysphagia in Infants with Microcephaly Caused by Congenital Zika Virus Infection, Brazil, 2015.

We summarize the characteristics of dysphagia in 9 infants in Brazil with microcephaly caused by congenital Zika virus infection. The Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, and the videofluoroscopic swallowing study were used as noninstrumental and instrumental assessments. All infants had a degree of neurologic damage and showed abnormalities in the oral phase. Of the 9 infants, 8 lacked oral and upper respiratory tract sensitivity, leading to delays in initiation of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Those delays, combined with marked oral dysfunction, increased the risk for aspiration of food, particularly liquid foods. Dysphagia resulting from congenital Zika virus syndrome microcephaly can develop in infants >3 months of age and is severe

PEDOLOGIA BRASILEIRA NA ANTÁRTICA: A PESQUISA DE SOLOS AFETADOS POR PERMAFROST NO CENÁRIO DO AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL

A Antártica representa um ambiente peculiar para formação de solos e estudo de muitos de seus processos, sendo que alguns dos quais possuem características atípicas. Solos afetados por permafrost são encontrados nas regiões árticas e subárticas, em altas montanhas e nas regiões livres de gelo da Antártica, e abrangem cerca de 13 % da cobertura terrestre. Atualmente, é inegável a influência do permafrost sobre os recursos hídricos, propriedades do solo, e desenvolvimento de vegetação. Além destes, uma série de questões estão relacionadas às mudanças no balanço de carbono, em reflexo à degradação do permafrost pelo aumento de temperatura. As quatro maiores regiões da Criosferano mundo são: Antártica, Oceano Ártico, as neves extrapolares e os ambientes montanhosos bastante frios. Mudanças na Criosferaem resposta ao aquecimento global são prováveis de serem observadas inicialmente em zonas de transição, em torno das extremidades de geleiras e camadas de gelo, e em áreas de permafrost, ambientes que em contrapartida, influenciam, mesmo que indiretamente, todas as superfícies da Terra. O debate sobre a possibilidade da ocorrência de aumento da temperatura global causado pelos gases do efeito estufa despertou atenção de pesquisadores sobre o estado de equilíbrio das grandes massas de gelo e permafrost presentes na Antártica. Outros fatores importantes envolvem as interações que influenciam diretamente as relações tróficas e rotas de transferência de matéria e energia entre o oceano e as áreas costeiras na Antártica. Nestes locais, existe grande aporte de materiais orgânicos depositados por aves, com destaque para os pinguins, sendo a incorporação destes materiais orgânicos à matriz mineral do solo a principal influência na caracterização dos solos ornitogênicos. Diante destes fatos, foram iniciados em 2002 os estudos pedológicos pelo então Projeto Criossolos, atual NúcleoTerrantar. Os trabalhos do Terrantar, que começaram na Baía do Almirantado - Ilha Rei George, foram se expandindo ao longo das Ilhas Shetlands do Sul e Península Antártica, sendo Hope Bay, no extremo norte da Península, o primeiro trabalho efetivamente realizado no continente antártico pelo referido Núcleo. Diversos trabalhos foram produzidos, com destaque para as características morfológicas, físicas, químicas, minaralógicas e micromorfológicas dos solos, além de mapeamentos, em trabalhos típicos de pedologia e levantamentos de solos, apresentados nesta revisão

PEDOLOGIA BRASILEIRA NA ANTÁRTICA: A PESQUISA DE SOLOS AFETADOS POR PERMAFROST NO CENÁRIO DO AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL

A Antártica representa um ambiente peculiar para formação de solos e estudo de muitos de seus processos, sendo que alguns dos quais possuem características atípicas. Solos afetados por permafrost são encontrados nas regiões árticas e subárticas, em altas montanhas e nas regiões livres de gelo da Antártica, e abrangem cerca de 13 % da cobertura terrestre. Atualmente, é inegável a influência do permafrost sobre os recursos hídricos, propriedades do solo, e desenvolvimento de vegetação. Além destes, uma série de questões estão relacionadas às mudanças no balanço de carbono, em reflexo à degradação do permafrost pelo aumento de temperatura. As quatro maiores regiões da Criosferano mundo são: Antártica, Oceano Ártico, as neves extrapolares e os ambientes montanhosos bastante frios. Mudanças na Criosferaem resposta ao aquecimento global são prováveis de serem observadas inicialmente em zonas de transição, em torno das extremidades de geleiras e camadas de gelo, e em áreas de permafrost, ambientes que em contrapartida, influenciam, mesmo que indiretamente, todas as superfícies da Terra. O debate sobre a possibilidade da ocorrência de aumento da temperatura global causado pelos gases do efeito estufa despertou atenção de pesquisadores sobre o estado de equilíbrio das grandes massas de gelo e permafrost presentes na Antártica. Outros fatores importantes envolvem as interações que influenciam diretamente as relações tróficas e rotas de transferência de matéria e energia entre o oceano e as áreas costeiras na Antártica. Nestes locais, existe grande aporte de materiais orgânicos depositados por aves, com destaque para os pinguins, sendo a incorporação destes materiais orgânicos à matriz mineral do solo a principal influência na caracterização dos solos ornitogênicos. Diante destes fatos, foram iniciados em 2002 os estudos pedológicos pelo então Projeto Criossolos, atual NúcleoTerrantar. Os trabalhos do Terrantar, que começaram na Baía do Almirantado - Ilha Rei George, foram se expandindo ao longo das Ilhas Shetlands do Sul e Península Antártica, sendo Hope Bay, no extremo norte da Península, o primeiro trabalho efetivamente realizado no continente antártico pelo referido Núcleo. Diversos trabalhos foram produzidos, com destaque para as características morfológicas, físicas, químicas, minaralógicas e micromorfológicas dos solos, além de mapeamentos, em trabalhos típicos de pedologia e levantamentos de solos, apresentados nesta revisão

Theoretical luminescence spectra in p-type superlattices based on InGaAsN

In this work, we present a theoretical photoluminescence (PL) for p-doped GaAs/InGaAsN nanostructures arrays. We apply a self-consistent method in the framework of the effective mass theory. Solving a full 8 x 8 Kane's Hamiltonian, generalized to treat different materials in conjunction with the Poisson equation, we calculate the optical properties of these systems. The trends in the calculated PL spectra, due to many-body effects within the quasi-two-dimensional hole gas, are analyzed as a function of the acceptor doping concentration and the well width. Effects of temperature in the PL spectra are also investigated. This is the first attempt to show theoretical luminescence spectra for GaAs/InGaAsN nanostructures and can be used as a guide for the design of nanostructured devices such as optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and others.CNPq [564.739/2010-3/NanoSemiCon, 302.550/2011-9/PQ, 470.998/2010-5/Univ, 472.312/2009-0/PQ, 303578/2007-6/PQ, 577.219/2008-1/JP]CNPqCAPESCAPESFACEPEFACEPE [0553-1.05/10/APQ]FAPESPFAPESPMaterials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program of Texas State UniversityMaterials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program of Texas State Universit

Tensile behavior analysis combined with digital image correlation and mechanical and thermal properties of microfibrillated cellulose fiber/ polylactic acid composites

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) employed as reinforcement of polymeric matrices can increase elastic modulus, stiffness and strength of a composite. In this work, the assessment of the mechanical, thermal properties and tensile tests assisted by digital image correlation (DIC) was performed for curaua fiber MFC-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites as a function of MCF content. First, MFC was incorporated into PLA using a solvent exchange technique and subsequent polymer solubilization to produce master batch composites. Then, more PLA was added to obtain composites with 0.5 and 1.5 wt% MFC by using double screw extrusion and injection molding. As a result, the addition of MFC caused the flexural, tensile, indentation, impact and modulus strengths to increase compared to those of pure PLA. The deformation gradient obtained from DIC verified that the 0.5 wt % MFC/PLA composite presented greater homogeneity in relation to load dispersion, corroborating the higher rigidity, maximum stress, and Poisson’s ratio

The Relevance of Maintaining Standing Forests for Global Climate Balance: A Case Study in Brazilian Forests

Estimate Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) is important to better understand carbon exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Comprehend these dynamics is essential to better understand the responses of environments to ongoing climatic changes. This study aims to analyze, with AMERIFLUX and LBA network measurements, the variability of NEE and climate variables in four different tropical coverages: Pantanal, Amazonia, Caatinga and Cerrado (savanna). Furthermore, was estimate the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). We found a distinct seasonality of meteorological variables and CO2 fluxes in each site. Despite acting mostly as a CO2 sink, some environments already show worrying source data in certain periods, pointed out as a direct effect of the reduction of photosynthesis caused by land use changes. The preserved forest plays an important role in maintaining rainfall at a regional and global level, and its maintenance makes it possible, by the way, an important tool in combating global warming via carbon sequestration by trees, which requires commitment and public policies of environmental preservation and recovery of degraded areas