Ginés de Sepúlveda: profeta de la poscolonialidad

IX Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas realizado nos dias 22 a 25 agosto 2016Todos conocen a Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda como el contrincante de Bartolomé de las Casas, en la famosa Controversia de Valladolid (155051). El humanista cordobés defendía el carácter natural de la esclavitud de los indios, frente a los derechos que para los mismos reclamaban los dominicos Francisco de Vitoria y Las Casas, en la incipiente colonización de América. Pero, quizás haya pasado desapercibido que su lectura de Aristóteles, en su famosa "Democrates alter, sive de justis belli causis apud Indos" se revela esclarecedora para justificar racionalmente la narrativa de la instauración de la lógica de la modernidad/colonialidad sobre poblaciones enteras en nombre de la civilización, lo que sorprende por su actualidad. Las tesis del estagirita son cuidadosamente transplantadas a la nueva realidad americana, otorgando un barniz de legitimidad a la conquista, que en su tiempo provocó y aun provoca rechazo, pero que avant la letre, constituye todo un programa de mission civilizatrice, perfectamente articulado con la filosofía griega, la doctrina política moderna y un cristianismo muy enfocado en el antiguo testamento y su doctrina del "pueblo elegido". Así, no sorprende ver muchas de sus tesis con leves variaciones en narrativas poscoloniales, legitimadas y legitimadoras de los nuevos civilizadoresUNILA­-UNIOEST

Historia de la Implantación de la Enseñanza de Español en Pernambuco

IX Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas realizado nos dias 22 a 25 agosto 2016El objetivo principal consiste en mostrar la génesis de la implantación de la enseñanza de español en el Estado de Pernambuco, para poder explicar en qué lugares físicos y sociales se ha ido extendiendo, y para poder comprender como ese proceso histórico está relacionado con políticas nacionales de acercamiento o alejamiento hacia los países de Latinoamérica. Como fundamentación teórica, baste consultar la legislación educativa referente al tema, para deducir qué política lingüística está por detrás de las propuestas, desde la LDB de 1996, los PCN para enseñanza fundamental y media, la ley del español 11161 de 2005 y su consecuencia, las OCEM (2006) en lo referente a Lenguas Extranjeras y Lengua Española. Como referente teórico, tomaremos como base “História, memória e ensino de espanhol (19421990)” (2003) de Deise Cristina de Lima Picanço, “O ensino de espanhol no sistema educativo brasileiro”(2008) de Álvaro Martínez Cachero y “Panaméricas Utópicas: A institucionalização do ensino de espanhol no Brasil” (2016) de Anselmo Guimarães.UNILA­-UNIOEST

Ginés de Sepúlveda, apóstol de la teologia de la dominación americana

La teología de la liberación desarrollada por Enrique Dussel (1983) es crucial para entender y situar la literatura colonial en el ámbito del desarrollo histórico y de la propia contemporaneidad y contrasta su objeto de estudio a través del concepto de teología de la dominación, que sitúa en la segunda modernidad como síntesis de Descartes, Hegel y Weber, en su Ética protestante y el espíritu del capitalismo(2003) Se empleará para su análisis Capera y Ñañez (2017) sobre el concepto de dominación weberiano y René Girald (1998) sobre la violencia y lo sagrado. Se pretende demostrar que el origen de esta (anti)teología imperial moderna se anticipa en la obra de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, en el siglo XVI, en obras como Gonsalus(1940) y Democrates Segundo, o de las Justas Causas de la Guerra contra los Indios(1892)

DENÚNCIA EM AVES SIN NIDO: UMA EXPRESSÃO ESTÉTICA DA VIOLÊNCIA ÉTNICA E DE GÊNERO

This article aims to discuss and analyze the aesthetic expression of violence in the novel Aves sin nido (1889), written by Peruvian writer Clorinda Matto de Turner. For this purpose, we observe the social context in which the novel was written, the aesthetic representation of this context in the narrative, and analyze two characters who are victims of the denounced violence, which is based on ethnicity (MORENO, 2004) and gender (BOGRAD, 1999). We investigate, above all, the narrative style of the novel, following the notion of representation established by Cornejo Polar (2021) of "showing, judging, explaining", examining the character Isidro Champí from the studies of Cornejo Polar (2021) and the character Marcela Yupanqui from Cunha (2018).Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir e analisar a expressão estética de violências no romance Aves sin nido (1889), da escritora peruana Clorinda Matto de Turner. Para tanto, observamos o contexto social de escrita do romance, a representação estética desse contexto na narrativa e analisamos dois personagens que caracterizam vítimas das violências denunciadas, sendo elas de etnia (MORENO, 2004) e de gênero (BOGRAD, 1999). Investigamos, sobretudo, o estilo narrativo do romance, seguindo a noção de representação estabelecida por Cornejo Polar (2021) de “mostrar, enjuiciar, explicar", examinando o personagem Isidro Champí a partir dos estudos de Cornejo Polar (2021) e a personagem Marcela Yupanqui a partir de Cunha (2018)

Genetic diversity in two threatened species of guitarfish (Elasmobranchii: Rhinobatidae) from the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts: an alert for conservation

The guitarfishes Pseudobatos horkelii and Pseudobatos percellens meet the criteria for threatened status as Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN), respectively. Both species occur in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Considering the lack of data on the genetic structure of these species, the present study evaluated the genetic variability and population structure of the P. horkelii and P. percellens in the southern region of Brazil and the northern coast of Argentina, based on sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Control Region (D-loop). Samples of P. horkelii (n = 135) were analyzed in six localities situated in Northern Argentina, along the Brazilian states’ coast. The mean of nucleotide diversity was 0.0053, the ΦST was 0.4277 and demographic analysis of P. horkelii suggests the existence of stability of the populations, with D = 0.9929, FS = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. In P. percellens (n = 101) were analyzed from six Brazilian localities along the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.0014 and ΦST value of 0.2921, the demographic analysis indicates a high migration rate of P. percellens among the localities evaluated, with D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.As raias violas Pseudobatos horkelii e Pseudobatos percellens, são listados como “Criticamente em Perigo” (CR) e “Em Perigo” (EN), respectivamente. Ambas as espécies ocorrem no Sul do Oceano Atlântico. Considerando a falta de dados sobre a estrutura genética dessas espécies, o presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade genética e a estrutura populacional de P. horkelii e P. percellens na região sudeste do Brasil e litoral norte da Argentina, com base em sequências de DNA mitocondrial, região de controle (D-loop). Amostras de 135 indivíduos de P. horkelii analisados em seis localidades, situadas no norte da Argentina e ao longo da costa dos estados brasileiros. A média da diversidade nucleotídica foi de 0.0053, o índice ΦST foi de 0.4277 e a análise demográfica de P. horkelii, indicou a existência de estabilidade das populações, com D = 0.9929, Fus = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. Em 101 exemplares de P. percellens, foram analisados em seis localidades brasileiras ao longo do litoral de Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo. A diversidade nucleotídica média foi de 0.0014 e o valor ΦST de 0.2921, a análise demográfica indicou uma alta taxa de migração de P. percellens entre as localidades analisadas, com D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.Fil: Cruz, Vanessa P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Adachi, Aisni M. C. L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Pablo H.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Ribeiro, Giovana S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Paim, Fabilene G.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Souza, Bruno C.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Rodrigues, Alexandre S. F.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Vianna, Marcelo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Delpiani, Sergio Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Rotundo, Matheus M.. Universidade Santa Cecília; BrasilFil: Mendonça, Fernando F.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Oliveira, Claudio. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Lessa, Rosangela P.. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Foresti, Fausto. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

Comparison of ddRADseq and EUChip60K SNP genotyping systems for population genetics and genomic selection in Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden)

Eucalyptus dunnii is one of the most important Eucalyptus species for short-fiber pulp production in regions where other species of the genus are affected by poor soil and climatic conditions. In this context, E. dunnii holds promise as a resource to address and adapt to the challenges of climate change. Despite its rapid growth and favorable wood properties for solid wood products, the advancement of its improvement remains in its early stages. In this work, we evaluated the performance of two single nucleotide polymorphism, (SNP), genotyping methods for population genetics analysis and Genomic Selection in E. dunnii. Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) was compared with the EUChip60K array in 308 individuals from a provenance-progeny trial. The compared SNP set included 8,011 and 19,008 informative SNPs distributed along the 11 chromosomes, respectively. Although the two datasets differed in the percentage of missing data, genome coverage, minor allele frequency and estimated genetic diversity parameters, they revealed a similar genetic structure, showing two subpopulations with little differentiation between them, and low linkage disequilibrium. GS analyses were performed for eleven traits using Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and a conventional pedigree-based model (ABLUP). Regardless of the SNP dataset, the predictive ability (PA) of GBLUP was better than that of ABLUP for six traits (Cellulose content, Total and Ethanolic extractives, Total and Klason lignin content and Syringyl and Guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio). When contrasting the SNP datasets used to estimate PAs, the GBLUP-EUChip60K model gave higher and significant PA values for six traits, meanwhile, the values estimated using ddRADseq gave higher values for three other traits. The PAs correlated positively with narrow sense heritabilities, with the highest correlations shown by the ABLUP and GBLUP-EUChip60K. The two genotyping methods, ddRADseq and EUChip60K, are generally comparable for population genetics and genomic prediction, demonstrating the utility of the former when subjected to rigorous SNP filtering. The results of this study provide a basis for future whole-genome studies using ddRADseq in non-model forest species for which SNP arrays have not yet been developed

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO