Simulation and Optimization of Electrical Insulation in Power Quality Monitoring Sensors Applied in the Medium-Voltage

Thanks to the Smart Grid initiative, the focus for medium-voltage MV (13.8–34 kV) smart meters leveraged the development of sensors for distribution application. In order to be useful at power quality monitoring, the sensors needs to attend, at least, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000–4-30 and IEC 61000–4-7 standards with high-accuracy in terms of voltage (less than 0.1%), current (less than 1.0%) and measuring the waveform distortion data up to the 50th harmonic of 50 or 60 Hz alternating frequency. This kind of sensor is built with two capacitors connected in series. The first capacitor is a commercial electronic low-voltage device. One terminal of this capacitor is connected to the medium-voltage (MV) conductor. The second one, is connected to the other capacitor that is constructed using the own sensor packaging. This second capacitor has an electrode, that is connected with the first capacitor and the other terminal is connected to the ground. The voltage is measured between the terminals of the low voltage capacitor. The performance of this capacitor depends on the geometry and the materials used in the electrical insulation. This chapter describes the simulations and modeling of the capacitor electrodes using a finite-elements software, COMSOL Multiphysics, for modeling in order to optimize the performance of sensor in terms of electric field distribution

In vitro interactions between lactic acid solution and art glass-ionomer cements

OBJECTIVES: Production of acids such as lactic acid contributes to establish a cariogenic environment that leads to dental substrate demineralization. Fluoride plays an important role in this case and, as fluoride-releasing materials, glass-ionomer cements are expected to contribute to minimize deleterious reactions. This study evaluated interactions of glass-ionomer cements used in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART-GICs) with an aqueous lactic acid solution, testing the null hypotheses that no changes occur in the pH of the solution or on the surface roughness and mass of the ART-GICs when exposed to lactic acid solution over a 6-week period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ketac Molar, Fuji IX, Vitro Molar and Magic Glass were tested, and compared to Filtek Z250 and Ketac Fil Plus as control groups. Six specimens of each material were made according to manufacturers' instructions. The pH of the solution and roughness and mass changes of each specimen were determined over 6 weeks. Each specimen was individually stored in 2 mL of 0.02 M lactic acid solution for 1 week, renewing the solution every week. pH of solution and mass of the specimens were monitored weekly, and surface roughness of the specimens was assessed before and at the end of the 6-week acid challenge. pH and mass data were analyzed statistically by repeated measures using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests for each material. Paired t-tests were used for roughness analysis. Tukey's post-hoc tests were applied to verify differences of final roughness among the materials. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The null hypotheses were partially rejected. All materials were able to increase the pH of the lactic acid solution and presented rougher surfaces after immersion, while mass change was minimal and generally not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be helpful to predict the performance of these materials under clinical conditions. A protective action against the carious process with significant surface damage due to erosion may be expected

Planejamento e avaliação das ações em saúde

Este material contempla a disciplina obrigatória " Planejamento e avaliação das ações em saúde" do Curso de Especialização Estratégia Saúde da Família (2014). Esta disciplina tem como objetivo a discussão do processo do planejamento em saúde, desde a identificação dos problemas de saúde até o monitoramento e avaliação das ações nesse setor, e de sua importância como instrumento para a reorganização do processo de trabalho da equipe de Saúde da Família. A disciplina está composta de quatro unidades: Unidade 1 - Planejamento em saúde; Unidade 2 - Diagnóstico situacional em saúde; Unidade 3 - Elaboração do plano de ação; Unidade 4 - Monitoramento e avaliação das ações de saúde na Atenção Básica à Saúde.2. edBanco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social - BNDESMinistério da Saúd

The Proposal of the Brazilian patent office for the backlog solution: An unconstitutional proposition

It is notorious that there is an efficiency crisis in the Brazilian patent system, unable to meet society\u27s demand for a faster patent examination. The INPI takes about 11 years to concede a patent. There are 231.184 pending patent applications, and in June of 2017 it promoted a public consultation proposing an infra-legal norm that allows the granting of patents without substantive examination in the country, the so-called simplified procedure of granting of patent applications. Currently, the Brazilian government recognizes that it does not have the structure to make the substantive examination of all pending patent applications. This article aims to analyze not only the legality but the very constitutionality of the proposal under examination. After analyzing the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and also the national legislation, it was concluded that it is not possible to grant patents without substantive examination in Brazil. In search of solution for INPI backlog, it should be based on the social interest and the technological development of the country, and this is not the case of the proposal commented in this paper