Postcopulatory sexual selection favors fertilization success of restocking hybrid quails over native Common quails (Coturnix coturnix)

Postcopulatory sexual selection plays an important role in the reproductive success of males in many species. Differences in fertilization success could affect rates of admixture and genetic introgression between divergent lineages. We investigated sperm precedence in matings in captivity involving Common quails (Coturnix coturnix) and farm quails of hybrid origin (C. coturnix × domestic Japanese quail, C. japonica), the last used in restocking practices to increase hunting bags. These inter-specific matings in natural conditions are claimed to represent an important threat to the conservation of native Common quail populations. Results showed that fertilization success of each male depended on (1) the time it spent with the female, (2) the presence of sperm from a previous male in the female oviduct, (3) the time that the previous partner had been copulating with the female, and, most importantly, (4) the genetic origin of the male (wild or farm). Farm hybrid males showed higher fertilization success than wild Common males, and they required less time with the female to fertilize the same proportion of eggs. The presence of sperm from another male in the female oviduct reduced the percentage of fertilized eggs by a male. However, this reduction was higher for wild males when the precedent mate was a farm male. In summary, the sperm of farm hybrid males may outcompete the sperm of native males and this could be favoring the introgression of domestic Japanese alleles into the Common quail population, thus constituting a severe conservation threat to wild Common quail populations.[GER]In vielen Arten spielt die postkopulative sexuelle Selektion für den Fortpflanzungserfolg von Männchen eine große Rolle. Unterschiede im Befruchtungserfolg können Einfluss haben auf die Rate der genetische Introgression und Vermischung zwischen verschiedenen Abstammungslinien. Um Unterschiede in der Spermienwettbewerbsstärke zwischen wilden Wachteln (Coturnix coturnix) und Japanischen Wirtschaftswachtelaus stammenden Hybridwachteln (C. coturnix × C. japonica), die für die Aufstockung von Beständen zur Jagd genutzt wurden, zu untersuchen, haben wir Verpaarungen in der Gefangenschaft durchgeführt. Es wird vermutet, dass solche zwischenartlichen Verpaarungen unter natürlichen Bedingungen ein Risiko für den Erhalt des Artbestandes von Wachteln darstellen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Fortpflanzungserfolg eines Männchen davon beeinflusst wurde (1) wie viel Zeit es mit dem Weibchen verbrachte, (2) ob bereits Spermien eines anderen Männchen im Ovidukt waren, (3) wie lange ein vorheriger Partner mit dem Weibchen kopuliert hatte, und vor allem (4) welchen genetischen Hintergrund das Männchen (Wildtier oder Wirtschaftswachtel) hatte. Hybride Wirtschaftswachteln hatten den höchsten Fortpflanzungserfolg und befruchteten die gleiche Anzahl Eier eines Weibchens schneller. Wenn bereits Spermien eines anderen Männchens im Ovidukt waren, verringerte dies den prozentualen Anteil erfolgreicher Befruchtungen des nächsten Männchen. Dieser Effekt war am stärksten für wilde Männchen, wenn der vorherige Partner eine Wirtschaftswachtel war. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Spermien von Hybridmännchen wettbewerbsstärker zu sein scheinen als Spermien frei lebender Wachteln. Dies mag die Introgression der Allele von Japanischen Wirtschaftswachteln in die Wildpopulation unterstützen und eine ernste Bedrohung für den Erhalt wilder Wachtelpopulationen darstellen.Peer reviewe

Are Farm-Reared Quails for Game Restocking Really Common Quails (Coturnix coturnix)?: A Genetic Approach

The common quail (Coturnix coturnix) is a popular game species for which restocking with farm-reared individuals is a common practice. In some areas, the number of released quails greatly surpasses the number of wild breeding common quail. However, common quail are difficult to raise in captivity and this casts suspicion about a possible hybrid origin of the farmed individuals from crosses with domestic Japanese quail (C. japonica). In this study we used a panel of autosomal microsatellite markers to characterize the genetic origin of quails reared for hunting purposes in game farms in Spain and of quails from an experimental game farm which was founded with hybrids that have been systematically backcrossed with wild common quails. The genotypes of these quail were compared to those of wild common quail and domestic strains of Japanese quail. Our results show that more than 85% of the game farm birds were not common quail but had domestic Japanese quail ancestry. In the experimental farm a larger proportion of individuals could not be clearly separated from pure common quails. We conclude that the majority of quail sold for restocking purposes were not common quail. Genetic monitoring of individuals raised for restocking is indispensable as the massive release of farm-reared hybrids could represent a severe threat for the long term survival of the native species

The syndrome of central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism: IGSF1 controls TRHR and FSHB expression by differential modulation of pituitary TGFβ and Activin pathways

IGSF1 (Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1) gene defects cause central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. Based on a patient with a full deletion of IGSF1 clinically followed from neonate to adulthood, we investigated a common pituitary origin for hypothyroidism and macroorchidism, and the role of IGSF1 as regulator of pituitary hormone secretion. The patient showed congenital central hypothyroidism with reduced TSH biopotency, over-secretion of FSH at neonatal minipuberty and macroorchidism from 3 years of age. His markedly elevated inhibin B was unable to inhibit FSH secretion, indicating a status of pituitary inhibin B resistance. We show here that IGSF1 is expressed both in thyrotropes and gonadotropes of the pituitary and in Leydig and germ cells in the testes, but at very low levels in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, IGSF1 stimulates transcription of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) by negative modulation of the TGFβ1-Smad signaling pathway, and enhances the synthesis and biopotency of TSH, the hormone secreted by thyrotropes. By contrast, IGSF1 strongly down-regulates the activin-Smad pathway, leading to reduced expression of FSHB, the hormone secreted by gonadotropes. In conclusion, two relevant molecular mechanisms linked to central hypothyroidism and macroorchidism in IGSF1 deficiency are identified, revealing IGSF1 as an important regulator of TGFβ/Activin pathways in the pituitary

Revista de Vertebrados de la Estación Biológica de Doñana

Tiempo y orden de aparición de las escamas en el salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar)Estudios sobre el sapo corredor (Bufo calamita) en el sur de España.III. ReproducciónInfluencia de las carecterísticas del medio acuático sobre las poblaciones de larvas de anfibios en lala Reserva Biológica de Doñana(Huelva, EspañaDieta de la cigüeñuela (Himantopus himantopus) en las salinas del estuario del GuadianaOrientación y selección del lugar del nido en el gorrión moruno (Passer hispaniolensis)la avifauna de las Vegas Bajas del Guadianala reproducción de la malvasía (Oxyura leucocephala) en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba, España.La alimentación de la curruca cabecinegra (Sylvia melanocephala, Gmelin 1788) en olivares de la provincia de Jaén (otoño-invierno)Consideraciones sobre el efecto de los conejos y los grandes herbívoros en los pastizales de la Vera de DoñanaAnálisis factorial de las expresiones faciales del babuino sagrado (Papio hamadryas)Contaminación xenobiótica del Parque Nacionalde Doñana. II. Residuos de insecticidas organoclorados, bifenilos policlorados, (PGBs) y metales pesados en Falconiformes y StrigiformesTransferencia total y del y bioacumulación de mercurio y metilmercurio en ecosistemas del Parque Nacional de DoñanaNota sobre la alimentación de larvas de anfibios: I. Pleurodeles waltl en charcas temporaleNota sobre nuevas especies parasitada por el críalo (Clamator glandarius) en EspañaEstructura de la jerarquización en la predación de huevos y pichones en Spheniscus magellanicusPasser domesticus, nueva specie para Bolivia¿Están realmente subalimentados los cernícalos primilla en el valle del Guadalquivir durante el periodo no reproductor?.Nidificación del paiño común (Hydrobates pelagicus) en las Islas Canarias.Nuevos datos sobre la presencia del visón europeo (Mustela lutreola L.) en NavarraLa población de gamos del Parque Nacional de Doñana en 1979Puntualización a la nota "predacción de Falco peregrino y Falco subbuteo sobre quirópteros" de Aymerich y García de Castro aparecida en el vol. 9 de esta revista.Peer reviewe

Resource partitioning in forest passerines: the temporal dimension

The distribution of foraging activity throughout the day is usually not considered as an important factor in the study of resource partitioning among the members of a passerine community. However, in this study we observe that not all the species in a community have the same activity pattern. The patterns found in three different periods of the year for four passerine members of the same community (Coal Tit, Crested Tit, Goldcrest and Treecreeper) are unimodal with maxima appearing during the morning or at midday, but shifting to the afternoon in early spring for the Coat Tit and the Crested Tit. Possible causes for these differences among species and within the year are discussed as well as possible consequences for ecological studies.Peer reviewe

Decreased fitness of restocked hybrid quails prevents fast admixture with wild European quails

Restocking with non-native species for hunting purposes is a widespread practice in some Galliformes species that may result in the introgression of maladaptive alleles into native populations. Quails farmed for restocking are produced by interbreeding domestic Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) with European quails (Coturnix coturnix). Massive releases of these animals could represent a threat to native European quails. In this study we radio-track 16 female native European quails and 51 female farm-reared quails over four breeding seasons in a single locality. Our results show that farmed female quails attracted more wild common quail males than European quail females, probably because they produce more rally calls. Here for the first time we show empirical evidence that European quails and restocked farmed quails interbreed in the wild. Further, hybrid farmed females and European females had similar probabilities of mating, nesting success, clutch size, fertility, hatching probability and chicks’ survival probability. However, female farmed quail had higher mortality than European quail females, and their nests had a higher rate of predation. These last observations could explain why the two lineages do not appear completely admixed after more than 20 years of massive restocking practices. However, our results clearly show a lack of reproductive barriers in the wild and that introgression may not be completely prevented. An immediate ban of the release of non-native quails is necessary to preserve their genetic integrity. Thus, banning restocking with Japanese quail or hybrids is necessary to prevent the progressive introduction of maladaptive alleles into the European quail populations.Peer reviewe

Genotypes of breeding Common quails (Coturnix coturnix) and offspring from Northeast Spain.

Genotypes (9 microsatellite loci) of breeding Common quails (Coturnix coturnix) and their offspring sampled in Northeast Spain for paternity analyses. These genotypes were studied in the article Sanchez-Donoso I, Vilà C, Puigcerver M, Rodríguez-Teijeiro JD. Mate guarding and male body condition shape male fertilization success and female mating system in the Common Quail. Animal Behaviour, in press. In this study, we investigated female mate choice and male fertilization success in the Common quail by monitoring adult quails and assigning genetic paternity of their offspring. First we described the female mating system and the factors associated with it. Second we studied the relationship between male fertilization success and pair-bond order, pair-bond duration and male body condition. Finally, we explored whether male body condition shapes the male trade-off between mate guarding or looking for new mates.Peer reviewe

Mate guarding and male body condition shape male fertilization success and female mating system in the common quail

In species with female polygamy, pair bonds are frequently established since mate guarding can determine male fertilization success. However, extending the duration of pair bonds also implies reducing the chances of finding new mates. Males face a trade-off between mate guarding and looking for new mates, which can be shaped by their body condition. Here, we investigated the effect of male body condition and mate guarding over the female mating system (genetic monogamy or polygamy) and the male fertilization success in the common quail, Coturnix coturnix, a species with sperm storage and thus the potential for postcopulatory selection, and without paternal care. We monitored 20 females and 32 males. We genotyped them, the 21 clutches laid by these females and a large proportion of the males present in the population, which could have sired the clutches, to perform paternity analyses. We tested whether it is the pairing order or the duration of the pair bond that determines the fertilization outcome in clutches with multiple fathers. We hypothesized that males with better body condition might be able to find a mate faster, reducing the cost of mate switching and increasing fertilization success by spending less time in a pair bond. We observed socially monogamous and polygamous females, and our genetic analyses revealed that broods could be sired by one and by multiple fathers. Female genetic polygamy was more frequent when first matings were with males in good body condition. We detected two or three different fathers in multiple paternity broods. The male that mate guarded for longest was the one that sired most of the clutch. Although males in better body condition seemed to establish shorter pair bonds, further data are needed to confirm this trend.We are most grateful to the Pons family for kindly allowing us to do research on their property; S. Gallego, E. Pérez-Masdeu, F.J. Rodrigo-Rueda, I. Hernández, V. Bonet-Arbolí and A. Barroso for technical assistance in the field; J. Echegaray, J.A. Leonard and V. Muñoz-Fuentes for support during the laboratory work; J.A. Leonard also for reviewing the English text; the members of the Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics group at the Doñana Biological Station, three referees and the Editor for comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. The Spanish Government (‘Secretaría de Estado de Universidades e Investigación’) provided financial support (PB93-0810, BOS2000-0564-CO2-01). The Catalan Government (‘Generalitat de Catalunya’) also provided financial support in 2000 and supported the research team (1995SGR-0019, 1997SGR00158, 1999SGR00019 and 2001SGR00091).Peer reviewe

Ús i abús de la natura, impactes i propostes de gestió. El cas de Catalunya com a paradigma

78 pages, 10 figures, 20 tablesFem aquí un balanç dels darrers quaranta anys d'ús, en molts casos abús, dels recursos naturals a Catalunya, un país representatiu dels països europeus, en especial dels mediterranis. [...]Peer reviewe