Effect of fermented, hardened, and dehulled of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) meals in digestibility and antinutrients in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Among the most typical feed sources for tilapia, plants represent a low-cost source in substituting for traditional high-cost feed ingredients. Fermentation, hardening and dehulling are common grains processing techniques to make plant nutrients available and more digestible to fish. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter and protein, and antinutrients (phytic acid and tannins) in fermented, hardened and dehulled chickpea (Cicer arietinum) meals were determined for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The highest ADC was obtained with processed (fermented, hardened and dehulled) chickpea meals compared with non-processed. Results indicated that fermentation increased the protein content by 13.1%, decreased the content of ash and phytic acid (47.5 and 45%, respectively), and increased the ingredient apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADM) by 23.2%, and the ingredient apparent digestibility of protein (ADP) by 41.9%. Dehulling meal increased the protein (5.7%) and lipid (6.4%) content of chickpea grains; decreased fiber, ash and tannin content (75.3%, 19.1%, and 84.5%, respectively); and increased ADM by 12.8%, and ADP by 10.4%. We conclude that fermented, hardened and dehulled chickpea meals represent a potential alternative in diets for juvenile O. niloticus

Prevalencia de Perkinsus sp. (Apicomplexa) en la almeja chocolata Megapitaria squalida de la costa central de Sinaloa, México

Background. Different species of Perkinsus spp. have been associated to mortality of commercial mollusks. Goals. The prevalence of Perkinsus sp. in the callista clam Megapitaria squalida was evaluated monthly (June 2015 to November 2016) to determine the relationship between the infection and size of clam. Methods. 5,000 clam seeds (5.73 mm height of the shell and 0.03 g of initial weight) were placed in a fishing refuge of Altata, Sinaloa. A total of 60 specimens were collected each month to evaluate their growth and parasite prevalence. The water physicochemical parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, depth, and transparency) and the length, height, and width of the shell and final weight of M. squalida were obtained. Results. Ray’s thioglycollate fluid medium test (MFTR) detected spherical cells (10X) of dark color indicating the presence of presumed hypnospores of Perkinsus sp. during the first 17 months of sampling. The mean infection intensity was grade 2 (mild), while the maximum prevalence was 43.33% in the months of November (2015) and March (2016), with an average of 21.05%. None of the Perkinsus sp sample (n = 112) positively detected by MFTR confirmed the presence of the protozoan. There was no correlation (p >0.05) between the prevalence of the pathogen with all the parameters studied. Conclusions. The results suggest that M. squalida is not susceptible to Perkinsus sp. The present represents the first report of Perkinsus sp. In the callista clam M. squalida.Antecedentes: Diferentes especies del protozoario Perkinsus spp. han sido asociados con mortalidades de moluscos comerciales. Objetivos: Se evaluó la prevalencia de Perkinsus sp. en la almeja Megapitaria squalida (junio 2015 a noviembre de 2016) para determinar la relación de la infección con la talla. Métodos: Se sembraron 5,000 semillas (5.73 mm altura de la concha y 0.03 g de peso inicial) en un refugio pesquero de Altata, Sinaloa. Se recolectaron 60 ejemplares cada mes para evaluar su crecimiento y prevalencia del parasito. Se obtuvieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua (temperatura, salinidad, pH, oxigeno disuelto, profundidad y transparencia) y la longitud, largo y ancho de la concha y peso final de M. squalida. Resultados: La prueba de medio fluido de tioglicolato de Ray (MFTR) detecto células esféricas (10X) de color obscuro, indicando la presencia de presuntas hipnosporas de Perkinsus sp. durante los primeros 17 meses de muestreo. La intensidad de la infección promedio fue de grado 2 (leve), mientras que la prevalencia máxima fue de 43.33% en los meses de noviembre (2015) y marzo (2016), con un promedio de 21.05%. Ninguna de las muestras positivas (n = 112) de Perkinsus sp. con MFTR confirmo la presencia del protozoario. No se obtuvo correlación (p >0.05) entre la prevalencia del patógeno con todos los parámetros estudiados. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que M. squalida es poco susceptible a la infección de Perkinsus sp. El presente trabajo representa el primer reporte de Perkinsus sp. en la almeja chocolata M. squalida

Substituting fishmeal with extruded cull chickpea meal in diets for the white leg shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, Boone): A preliminary study of the effect on production parameters

Among the most typical feed ingredients for shrimp, plants represent a low-cost source in substituting for traditional high-cost feed ingredients. Extrusion is a common grains processing technique to make plant nutrients available and more digestible to animal. Different levels (15, 30, 45, and 60%) of extruded low-quality chickpea meal were included in a formulated diet for the juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in a closed system for 75 days. The growth of shrimp fed with the tested diets was similar to the control group (P > 0.05). We concluded that the use of extruded cull chickpea meal is a potential food alternative to replace fishmeal effectively in diets for L. vannamei

Effect of fermented, hardened, and dehulled of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) meals in digestibility and antinutrients in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Among the most typical feed sources for tilapia, plants represent a low-cost source in substituting for traditional high-cost feed ingredients. Fermentation, hardening and dehulling are common grains processing techniques to make plant nutrients available and more digestible to fish. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter and protein, and antinutrients (phytic acid and tannins) in fermented, hardened and dehulled chickpea (Cicer arietinum) meals were determined for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The highest ADC was obtained with processed (fermented, hardened and dehulled) chickpea meals compared with non-processed. Results indicated that fermentation increased the protein content by 13.1%, decreased the content of ash and phytic acid (47.5 and 45%, respectively), and increased the ingredient apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADM) by 23.2%, and the ingredient apparent digestibility of protein (ADP) by 41.9%. Dehulling meal increased the protein (5.7%) and lipid (6.4%) content of chickpea grains; decreased fiber, ash and tannin content (75.3%, 19.1%, and 84.5%, respectively); and increased ADM by 12.8%, and ADP by 10.4%. We conclude that fermented, hardened and dehulled chickpea meals represent a potential alternative in diets for juvenile O. niloticus

Effect of dietary protein level on spawning and egg quality of redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

The effect of dietary protein level on spawning and egg quality was evaluated for female Cherax quadricarinatus. Diets containing four different levels of crude protein were evaluated (22, 27, 32, and 37%). After 100 days, no significant effects of protein level were found on survival (78.6–84.5%), final weight (41.0–43.1g), or fecundity (8.5–9.2 eggs/g female). The percentage of spawning females ranged from 19.7 to 27.3%, and a significant fit, using a quadratic equation estimated maximum spawning to occur at 30% crude protein. Significantly greater egg area (3.90 mm2), volume (39.3 mm3), weight (5.44 μg), and diameter (2.27 mm) were observed at 32% crude protein. There were no significant differences in mean egg protein (2227.1± 445.0 μg/egg), lipid (430.9±85.2 μg/egg) and carbohydrate (73.9±10.6 μg/egg) contents, and energy (13.3±2.1 kcal/egg) in relation to dietary protein level. High statistical power indicated that biochemical composition was not affected by dietary protein level. We conclude that a dietary crude protein content of 32% is recommended for reproduction of female redclaw crayfish

Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on gonadal development of female redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

The effect of two crude dietary protein (26% and 32% P) and two lipid levels (4.7% and 12% L) on gonadal development of female redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus was determined. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), biochemical composition of gonad and hepatopancreas, oocyte diameter and frequency of the developmental stage of oocytes were analysed. The GSI was significantly less using 26% P to 4.7% L. A significant interaction between P and L content was found for GSI. A significantly higher HSI value was obtained when L was 12%. P content in the hepatopancreas was significantly higher using 32% P and 4.7% L. The maximum L content in the hepatopancreas was obtained from the 32% P and 12% L diet. A significant interaction between P and L content was found for L content in the hepatopancreas. A higher frequency of postvitellogenic oocytes was obtained with diets containing 32% P. There was an interaction between dietary P and L level causing lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas and changes in GSI. For an optimum 32% P, excess dietary lipid is bioaccumulated in the hepatopancreas, indicating that there is excess available energy. When the P and L levels are restricted, there is a limited gonad development, thus affecting overall reproduction in female C. quadricarinatus