L'Ús pedagògic de la fotografia històrica = Pedagogical use of historical photography

La proposta de l'ús pedagògic de la fotografia històrica es basa en un mètode d'anàlisi de la fotografia que s'exposa a la primera part de l'article. El mètode parteix de la interpretació de la fotografia com un fragment de temps (instant) i com un fragment d'espai (mirada). A partir d'aquesta visió es va deduint la forma de treballar amb la fotografia, que es pot resumir en els passos principals següents: extracció de la informació que conté el fragment; introducció del fragment en una «solució informativa» o context, ajustament de la fotografia com a fragment de temps amb altres fragments per obtenir com a resultat la percepció de processos; i ajustament de la fotografia com a fragment d'espai amb altres fragments per a facilitar assolir, mitjançant l'observació de singularitats com les fotografies, un nivell d'abstracció i no tan sols descriptiu. A partir de l'exposició del mètode, és fàcil fer-ne derivar la seva aplicació pedagògica i la intensificació d'activitats intel·lectuals com l'extracció d'informació, l'observació i l'anàlisi, la creació de relacions, la percepció dels processos i l'exercici de l'abstracció.This paper aims at exposing some pedagogical possible uses of historical photography. The pedagogical proposal is based on an original method to study photography. The paper is divided in two parts. The first one is dedicated to present a method to study photography, which lays the foundation for the pedagogical proposal to be formulated in the second part of the paper. The proposed method operates according to the following principle: the photography should be interpreted as a fragment; a fragment of time and a fragment of space. As a result of this interpretation, the mentioned fragments are studied from an archaeological point of view, just as a ceramic fragment is. Consequently: 1) every fragment contains meaningful information and relationships; a perceptive observation is required to take out from its details that information and those relationships. 2) But the fragment needs also to be immersed in an external information solvent, because by means of a kind of osmosis with the contextual information, the information provided by the fragment will be consequently enriched. 3) As a fragment, it may be fitted in with other fragments; so when we fit one photo as a time fragment with another photo the result is not two instants but one process; hence the change can be perceived compared to only two instants. In the same way, it is very expressive to join two or more photos as space fragments because, as the author tries to demonstrate in this paper, this makes easier to pass from singularities to abstract concepts. This first part of the paper does also deal with relationships created into a picture considering that the picture is the result of a look and not only the product of viewing through a viewfinder. It is easy to deduce from this method for the analysis the photography a number of possibilities to be implemented for educational purposes. In the second part it is tackled this transfer of the method of analysis to the pedagogical practice; furthermore two original computer applications are set out to work the photography by this method in education. These applications can be used at every educational level.La propuesta del uso pedagógico de la fotografía histórica se basa en un método de análisis de la fotografía, que se expone en la primera parte del artículo. El método arranca de la interpretación de la fotografía como un fragmento de tiempo (instante) y como un fragmento de espacio (mirada). A partir de esta visión se va deduciendo la forma de trabajar con la fotografía y que se puede resumir en los siguientes principales pasos: extracción de la información que contiene el fragmento; introducción del fragmento en una “solución informativa” o contexto; ajuste de la fotografía como fragmento de tiempo con otros fragmentos para obtener como resultado la percepción de procesos; y ajuste de la fotografía como fragmento de espacio con otros fragmentos para facilitar alcanzar mediante la observación de singularidades como las fotografías un nivel de abstracción y no tan solo descriptivo. A partir de la exposición del método es fácil derivar su aplicación pedagógica y la intensificación de actividades intelectuales como la extracción de información, la observación y análisis, la creación de relaciones, la percepción de los procesos y el ejercicio de la abstracción

Herramienta y cambio. Prensa y Sociedad

El artículo aborda los cambios que se producen en las sociedades con la introducción de nuevas herramientas en los medios de comunicaciónThis article deals about the Social changes with new tools in the Medi

Conocimiento y comunicación

El conocimiento libre, un bien de suma importancia para la sociedad del conocimiento, ha de adoptar estrategias nuevas como la tecnología wiki. Para ello es necesario pensar las virtualidades de tal tecnología que ha de servir para redifinir el modo en que se transmite, produce y se almacena tal conocimiento. Si no se realiza tal reflexión entonces la transmisión del conocimiento se verá empobrecida

Las regulaciones del conflicto

El sistema segrega el conflicto. El poder, como dispositivo regulador de un sistema social dispone de siete regulaciones, que las he nombrado así: expulsión; favor; miedo; desviación; culpabilidad; represión; sublimación. Todo sistema dispone de siete regulaciones para asegurar que los conflictos no amenacen su estabilidad. Tanto las formas en que éstas puedan manifestarse, así como la intensidad con que cada sistema utilice unas u otras, pueden servir para definir y diferenciar los sistemas.The system segregates the conflict. The power, such as regulating device of a social system has seven regulations, which I have named: expulsion; favor; fear; deviation; guilt; repression; sublimation. All system has seven regulations to ensure that conflicts do not threaten its stability. Both the ways in which these might be manifested, as well as the intensity with which each system to use one or the other, can serve to define and differentiate between the systems

The legal anatomy of electronic platforms:a prior study to assess the need of a law of platforms in the EU

Digital economy is nowadays a Platform economy. This pervading expansion of platforms has been triggered by their value-creating ability and trust-generation potential. The emergence and increasing popularity of disruptive models, such as sharing-based economy, crowdfunding or fintech variants, have been greatly accelerated by platformbased solutions. Platforms have also transformed social, political, public and educational contexts by providing participative and collaborative environments, creating new opportunities, facilitating the creation of communities, mobilizing resources and capital, and promoting innovation. Along with these visible social and economic disruptions, platforms are also legally disruptive. Their self-regulating power, the internal relational complexity, and the potential role of platform operators for infringement prevention and civil enforcement in a possible policy shift towards an increasing intermediaries’ responsibility have triggered regulatory interest. The aim of this Paper is to examine the platform model in order to explore the legal anatomy of electronic platforms and identify the key issues to consider for possible legislative actions in respect of the same within the context of the European Union (EU) Digital Single Market. First, the analysis concludes that existing transaction-oriented rules are insufficient to fully cover all legal angles of platforms and do not capture its ‘institutional dimension’. Regulations would have to define operators’ obligations in relation to users’ protection, transparency, prevention or private enforcement. Then, the first key regulatory issue to consider is the role that platform operator may or should play. Second, the analysis reveals that the binominal division of information society service providers is not entirely consistent with the actual role of platform operators for the purposes of the application of the specific intermediary liability rules. Thus, the adoption of a set of uniform criteria under which the platform operator might be deemed as an intermediary, and the devising of a common liability regime for platforms would be critical areas to focus regulatory attention on. Third, as the community-based architecture of platforms enables the articulation of decentralized trust-generating mechanisms (reputational feedback systems, recommender systems, rating and listing), it would be pertinent to consider the elaboration of uniform concepts regarding those decentralized reputational systems, speculate on possible common criteria in design and operation (good practices, standards), and ultimately clarify liability scenarios

The background of the Digital Services Act : looking towards a platform economy

The E-Commerce Directive laid the foundation of the EU legal framework for digital services. Since its adoption in 2000, the legal framework has remained largely unchanged, while the digital economy has undergone a profound transformation. The digital economy is today becoming a platform economy. Rules and legal solutions underpinning the Directive effectively accommodate the structural, operational, and behavioural features of a preliminary stage to the platform economy. Thus, the cornerstone of the EU digital services legal framework now requires a thorough revision. Despite its merits, noticeable limitations on facing new challenges surface. The aim of this Paper is to highlight those legal issues that call for attention in the Digital Services Act package

Legal challenges of artificial intelligence : modelling the disruptive features of emerging technologies and assessing their possible legal impact

The extensive use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and systems and its extraordinary relevance in a multitude of social and economic domains must be framed into the broader context of a second wave of digital transformation. AI embodies the transformative force and the disruptive potential of a second generation of technologies that are ushering in a new stage of the digital evolution of our societies and economies. The acceleration and accumulation of technological developments pose unforeseen challenges to the twenty-first century’s law. A systematic, extensive, and wisely combined application of these emerging technologies, such as AI and advanced robotics, Internet-of-Things (IoT), and DLT, offers fascinating possibilities and announces great disruptive effects. The aim of this paper is to devise an analytical framework to identify the disruptive features of AI, as one of the most illustrative exponent of the second-generation technologies, and assess the potential impact on certain existing principles, rules and concepts

The layers of digital financial innovation : charting a regulatory response

The increasing penetration of digital technologies in financial markets is evidenced by promising adoption rates among users, expanding presence of fintech firms and bigtech providing techfin services, and the growing use of fintech solutions by incumbents. The increasingly popular term "fintech" captures the accelerated transformation of contemporary financial markets driven and enabled by technology, and encapsulates its multifarious potential impact on services, market structures, and business models. This Article first aims to devise and propose an analytical framework to understand the digital challenges to financial regulation based on the "layers of digital financial innovation" theory. Accordingly, digital innovation (fintech) is stratified in three layers: the structure layer, activity layer, and players layer-each of which identifies and analyses the impact of digital innovation on a financial-market dimension. Consequently, a multi­layered regulatory response is proposed. This Article will consider different regulatory strategies devised to face each layer of fintech, as risks and benefits differ in each layer. This Article's starting premise is that any attempt to approach fintech as a single, global phenomenon will sink in the vast complexity of a multifaceted, open process phenomenon and is bound to fail. Our understanding is that the intricacies in embracing the impact of fintech on financial markets and the difficulties in apprehending its consequences for regulation and supervision are largely exacerbated by the lack of perception of its multi-layered nature. Based on a three-variable function to assess the adequacy of regulation and devise a fit-for-purpose regulatory response, a taxonomy of policy challenges will be addressed, and a multi-layered regulatory strategy is proposed accordingly

The Rule of Legal Ignorance in Spanish Law: Relevance, Meaning, and Scope

The rule ignorantia juris non excusat constitutes a historical principle in Spanish law as a key pillar of the collective organization of the legal system. The rule embodies the assumption that the effectiveness of the laws cannot rely on subjective elements, such as knowledge or ignorance, interest or carelessness, but it is based on an objective and social component of the legal system aimed to ensure that the enforcement of the laws is general and unconditional. Today, it is still inspiring the legal system and expressly enshrined in Article 6.1 CC, but their meaning must be duly contextualized in the current exuberance of legislation and regulations. Last decades, continuous efforts have been made to enhance the publicity of laws, improve comprehensibility, and implement technological solutions aimed to ensure accessibility of legislation, case law, and public authorities’ decisions. This article traces the origin and the evolution of the principle in Spanish law and the current expressions and applications of legal ignorance in private law. The analysis of the state of the doctrinal debate and the latest case law invites two reflections. First, the excessive use of legal ignorance as an invalidating mistake as a tool to alleviate contractual unfairness, inadequate institutional practices, or commercial abuse blurs its contours, debilitates the principle of contract preservation, deteriorates legal certainty, and discourages transactions. Second, the regulation of increasing information duties as a strategy to attenuate the impact of legal ignorance is making preand contractual processes complex, overinformed, and formalistic, with the risk of inviting purely formal compliance.This Article has been prepared in the framework of the Research Project Reform of Spanish Laws of Security Rights in an International Context (DER2016-77695-P)