Medición de As, Cu, Fe, Pb y Zn en suelos y sedimentos en zonas mineras contaminadas

México se encuentra entre los países con mayor producción minera, la mayoría de las zonas mineras están en el norte el país. Se determinaron As, Cu, Pb, Fe y Zn en los suelos y sedimentos de un río contaminado con el material de los procesos mineros. Se utilizaron normas y criterios para interpretar si cada metal rebasaba el nivel. Los criterios de EPA y de Bowen se usaron para para As y Pb para suelo, no se halló para sedimentos. En el caso del As, rebasó el criterio de Bowen. Para el Pb se consideró para concentración en suelos urbanos y rurales; usando estos criterios, dos sitios están en riesgo y uno en el límite. También se utilizaron una Norma Francesa, dos criterios Canadienses y la EPA, para Pb, Cu y Zn, con EPA los valores estuvieron por arriba del criterio, para Cu los sitio M13 y M28 con EPA están en riesgo, no rebasaron los demás y para Zn no se rebasó ningún criterio, ni la norma Francesa.México is among the countries with the highest mining production, most of the mining areas are in the North Country. Were determined: As, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn in soils and sediments from a river polluted with material of mining processes. EPA and Bowen criteria were used for As and Pb, but only for urban and rural soils, not found sediment. Arsenic in the case of the criterion of Bowen it was exceeded. For the Pb concentration was considered for urban and rural soils; using these criteria two sites are at risk and one in the limit. Standard one French, two Canadians and EPA criteria for Pb, Cu and Zn, Pb where used. EPA indicates that the values are above the criterion value for P exceeded. Cu are at risk in sites M13 and M28. For Zn nowhere exceeded the criteria, or the French Standard

Síntesis de películas de ZnO:Ag obtenidas mediante sol-gel cristalizadas con infrarrojo

Se realizó la síntesis de películas de óxido de zinc dopado con plata mediante el método sol-gel y la técnica de inmersión (dip-coating). Este trabajo demuestra que la aplicación de radiación infrarroja puede sustituir a un tratamiento térmico en horno convencional, en el proceso de cristalización de películas delgadas de ZnO dopadas con Ag a diferentes tiempos y concentraciones del elemento dopante. Se optimizó la síntesis hasta un pH de 10.5 adicionando hidróxido de amonio (NH₄OH), para evitar la precipitación de la plata. Se utilizó espectroscopia infrarroja (FT-IR) para determinar los enlaces presentes en la película y difracción de rayos X (DRX) para definir la estructura cristalina de la misma, obteniéndose el enlace Zn-O y ZnO en la fase hexagonal respectivamente. Se logró establecer que en todos los tiempos de prueba y de concentraciones del dopante, los tamaños de cristalito fueron menores a 25πm, con lo que estas películas podrán emplearse como recubrimientos antibacteriales.The synthesis of silver doped zinc oxide was obtained bay sol- gel method and dip- coating technique. This work demonstrate that it is possible to change a heat treatment in a conventional furnace with the application of infrared radiation, in the crystallization process of Ag doped ZnO thin films with several exposition times and dopant element concentrations. The synthesis was optimized with the addition of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) to modify the pH to 10.5, in order to prevent the silver precipitation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT_IR) was used in order to determinate the bonds present in the film and X ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the crystalline structure of it, it was obtained the Zn-O bond and the hexagonal phase of ZnO, respectively. The crystallite sizes were less than 25 πm for every test time and all dopant concentrations and for this reason the films can be used as antibacterial coatings

Sociedad y economía : estudios sobre Puerto Vallarta y su región

De manera general, podemos decir que los temas que se incluyen en este libro abordan aspectos muy significativos sobre la problemática económica y social de la región de Bahía de Banderas que seguramente nos permitirán entender la realidad que se vive en esta parte de la costa de Jalisco, y por qué no, tratar de incidir en ella para transformarla

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research