A Holistic Solution to Icing by Acoustic Waves: De-Icing, Active Anti-Icing, Sensing with Piezoelectric Crystals, and Synergy with Thin Film Passive Anti-Icing Solutions

Icing has become a hot topic both in academia and in the industry given its implications in transport, wind turbines, photovoltaics, and telecommunications. Recently proposed de-icing solutions involving the propagation of acoustic waves (AWs) at suitable substrates may open the path for a sustainable alternative to standard de-icing or anti-icing procedures. Herein, the fundamental interactions are unraveled that contribute to the de-icing and/or hinder the icing on AW-activated substrates. The response toward icing of a reliable model system consisting of a piezoelectric plate activated by extended electrodes is characterized at a laboratory scale and in an icing wind tunnel under realistic conditions. Experiments show that surface modification with anti-icing functionalities provides a synergistic response when activated with AWs. A thoughtful analysis of the resonance frequency dependence on experimental variables such as temperature, ice formation, or wind velocity demonstrates the application of AW devices for real-time monitoring of icing processes

Guía de Procedimiento: Evaluación por Ecografía Focalizada en Trauma-FAST

Introducción: La Evaluación por Ecografía Focalizada en Trauma-FAST y la extendida-eFAST son exámenes de imágenes complementarios para detectar líquido libre en cavidades corporales, como parte de la investigación en el diagnóstico de trauma abdominal y/o torácico. El objetivo de esta guía es brindar atención con calidad, eficiencia y seguridad a los usuarios externos con trauma abdominal y/o torácico, mejorando las destrezas y competencias del personal de salud que labora en el HBT. Método: Las recomendaciones brindadas en esta guía, son universales y adaptadas a nivel regional, aunque puede generalizarse para ser utilizado en otros establecimientos del mismo nivel. Se describen los conceptos básicos de la ultrasonografía y los procedimientos del FAST y eFAST.Resultados: FAST/eFAST detecta volúmenes de fluido peritoneal de ≥100mL y pleural de ≥5 ml, es disponible, rápido, seguro, económico, rentable y reduce la morbimortalidad; pero tiene la desventaja de no ser útil para descartar lesiones de víscera hueca, órganos sólidos retroperitoneales y diafragma, es operador dependiente. El FAST tiene alta precisión diagnóstica para detección de fluido pericárdico y peritoneal. El eFAST tiene una alta precisión diagnóstica para detectar neumotórax. Discusión: FAST está recomendado para la evaluación inicial de un paciente con trauma, en trauma torácico con lesión cardiaca y trauma abdominal cerrado inestable. Así mismo, se sugiere su uso en trauma abdominal cerrado normotenso previo a la tomografía y en trauma abdominal penetrante sin indicación de laparotomía. El eFAST se sugiere en la evaluación de trauma torácico cerrado, siempre y cuando el ultrasonido esté disponible, pero sin retardo en el manejo inicial. Conclusiones: FAST/eFAST es muy ventajoso en la evaluación del trauma respecto a otras técnicas de imagen a pesar de poseer algunas limitaciones. Es útil para la evaluación inicial en trauma al detectar lesiones que amenazan la vida por su elevado rendimiento diagnóstico para detectar hemopericardio, fluido peritoneal, hemotórax y neumotórax

Efectos de la fibra dietética en la reducción de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares asociados a la obesidad

La obesidad es una pandemia que afecta a más de 650 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Los principales efectos del aumento y la acumulación de grasa corporal son la resistencia a la insulina, la dislipidemia y la hipertensión, los cuales son factores de riesgo para presentar enfermedades cardiovasculares. Por lo tanto, una de las terapias nutricionales para revertir estas alteraciones es el consumo de fibra dietética, que al evadir la digestión por enzimas humanas y la absorción intestinal, tienen efectos en todo el tracto digestivo disminuyendo la absorción de macronutrientes, aumentando la saciedad y modificando la microbiota intestinal. Por lo mencionado anteriormente, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo describir los efectos de la fibra dietética en la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares asociados a la obesidad. Para el desarrollo de tal objetivo describiremos los factores de riesgo mencionados. Asimismo, describiremos la fibra dietética y los mecanismos implicados en la reducción de dichos factores. Palabras claves: Fibra dietética, enfermedades cardiovasculares y obesidad (DeCS). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2021.v16i02.0

A Broad Assessment of Factors Determining Culicoides imicola Abundance: Modelling the Present and Forecasting Its Future in Climate Change Scenarios

Bluetongue (BT) is still present in Europe and the introduction of new serotypes from endemic areas in the African continent is a possible threat. Culicoides imicola remains one of the most relevant BT vectors in Spain and research on the environmental determinants driving its life cycle is key to preventing and controlling BT. Our aim was to improve our understanding of the biotic and abiotic determinants of C. imicola by modelling its present abundance, studying the spatial pattern of predicted abundance in relation to BT outbreaks, and investigating how the predicted current distribution and abundance patterns might change under future (2011–2040) scenarios of climate change according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. C. imicola abundance data from the bluetongue national surveillance programme were modelled with spatial, topoclimatic, host and soil factors. The influence of these factors was further assessed by variation partitioning procedures. The predicted abundance of C. imicola was also projected to a future period. Variation partitioning demonstrated that the pure effect of host and topoclimate factors explained a high percentage (>80%) of the variation. The pure effect of soil followed in importance in explaining the abundance of C. imicola. A close link was confirmed between C. imicola abundance and BT outbreaks. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to consider wild and domestic hosts in predictive modelling for an arthropod vector. The main findings regarding the near future show that there is no evidence to suggest that there will be an important increase in the distribution range of C. imicola; this contrasts with an expected increase in abundance in the areas where it is already present in mainland Spain. What may be expected regarding the future scenario for orbiviruses in mainland Spain, is that higher predicted C. imicola abundance may significantly change the rate of transmission of orbiviruses

Impact of the collective diffusion of charged nanoparticles in the convective/capillary deposition directed by receding contact lines

The motion of electrically charged particles under crowding conditions and subjected to evaporation-driven capillary flow might be ruled by collective diffusion. The concentration gradient developed inside an evaporating drop of colloidal suspension may reduce by diffusion the number of particles transported toward the contact line by convection. Unlike self-diffusion coefficient, the cooperative diffusion coefficient of interacting particles becomes more pronounced in crowded environments. In this work, we examined experimentally the role of the collective diffusion of charge-stabilized nanoparticles in colloidal patterning. To decouple the sustained evaporation from the contact line motion, we conducted evaporating menisci experiments with driven receding contact lines at low capillary number. This allowed us to explore convective assembly at fixed and low bulk concentration, which enabled to develop high concentration gradients. At fixed velocity of receding contact line, we explored a variety of substrate-particle systems where the particle-particle electrostatic interaction was changed (via p H) as well as the substrate receding contact angle and the relative humidity. We found that the particle deposition directed by receding contact lines may be controlled by the interplay between evaporative convection and collective diffusion, particularly at low particle concentration