Finance in War

This whole question of financing war, as it is done nowadays, is not fully understood. In bygone days it had to be done by inflating the currency, and before that by hoarding up treasure or hoarding up actual gold \u27value of one sort or another

The Court of Communication: Pedagogy and Practice in Public Relations and Their Relationship to Freedom of Speech

Presents the text of a speech delivered at the South Central District Conference of the Public Relations Student Society of America in Lake Charles, Louisiana on February 26, 1993. Relationship between the profession of public relations and freedom of speech; Commitment of the public relations profession to freedom of expression; Effects of the profession on public decision-making in the U.S

Counterinsurgency in the 21st century the foundation and implications of the new U.S. doctrine

In December 2006, the U.S. Army published its new counterinsurgency (COIN) Field Manual (FM 3-24). FM 3-24 is the much-anticipated capstone doctrinal COIN guide for the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Its intent is "to fill a doctrinal gap" for fighting COIN by delivering "a manual that provides principles and guidelines for counterinsurgency operations." The importance of developing a coherent, interdisciplinary approach that helps to fill the "doctrina" and capability gaps facing the U.S. military in the asymmetrical warfare spectrum, including COIN, cannot be overstated. In light of this, how well do the new guidelines in FM 3-24 for conducting a COIN campaign align with historical and social science lessons on counterinsurgency? FM 3-24 outlines U.S. COIN doctrine in the form of strategies called Logical Lines of Operation (LLOs). With this in mind, are there cases in the Middle East where FM 3-24's LLOs have been applied and produced their intended effects? If they were not used and the state power's desired "endstate" was achieved, what strategies were used to achieve the COIN campaign objectives? This thesis assesses the extent to which the field manual aligns with insights and practices from historical COIN campaigns in the Middle East as well as the new doctrine's ability to supply the United States with a COIN strategy that incorporates insights and conclusions from academia. Our findings indicate that FM 3-24 is a necessary step in developing an effective and coherent U.S. approach to COIN. However, it fails to incorporate some more contemporary social movement theory explanations into its strategies. For example, it fails to recognize the relative importance political inclusion in counterinsurgency strategies versus other variables, such as security, as a primary means of success in counterinsurgency campaigns.http://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc109453099US Army (USA) authorsApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Single and binary protein electroultrafiltration using poly(vinyl-alcohol)-carbon nanotube (PVA-CNT) composite membranes.

Electrically conductive composite ultrafiltration membranes composed of carbon nanotubes have exhibited efficient fouling inhibition in wastewater treatment applications. In the current study, poly(vinyl-alcohol)-carbon nanotube membranes were applied to fed batch crossflow electroultrafiltration of dilute (0.1 g/L of each species) single and binary protein solutions of α-lactalbumin and hen egg-white lysozyme at pH 7.4, 4 mM ionic strength, and 1 psi. Electroultrafiltration using the poly(vinyl-alcohol)-carbon nanotube composite membranes yielded temporary enhancements in sieving for single protein filtration and in selectivity for binary protein separation compared to ultrafiltration using the unmodified PS-35 membranes. Assessment of membrane fouling based on permeate flux, zeta potential measurements, and scanning electron microscopy visualization of the conditioned membranes indicated significant resulting protein adsorption and aggregation which limited the duration of improvement during electroultrafiltration with an applied cathodic potential of -4.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). These results imply that appropriate optimization of electroultrafiltration using carbon nanotube-deposited polymeric membranes may provide substantial short-term improvements in binary protein separations

Számítógépek és rendszerek – Gondolatok a teleszféráról

A cikket olvasó gyakorta meglepődik?: hol egy szokatlan terminuson, hol egy sajátos közelítésmódon. A legnagyobb meglepetés azonban akkor éri, amikor megtudja, hogy a szöveg 1971-ból való. Az írás nem csupán kuriózum: Rodgers azon túl, hogy megjósolja – egyebek mellett – a web-et és a multimédiát, találó szempontokból vizsgálja az információs és kommunikációs technika változásának társadalmi következményeit is

Sialyl Lewis\u3csup\u3eX\u3c/sup\u3e-Mediated, PSGL-1-Independent Rolling Adhesion on P-selectin

Selectin-mediated cell adhesion is an essential component of the inflammatory response. In an attempt to unambiguously identify molecular features of ligands that are necessary to support rolling adhesion on P-selectin, we have used a reconstituted (“cell-free”) system in which ligand-coated beads are perfused over soluble P-selectin surfaces. We find that beads coated with the saccharides sialyl LewisX (sLeX), sialyl Lewisa (sLea), and sulfated LewisX (HSO3LeX) support rolling adhesion on P-selectin surfaces. Although it has been suggested that glycosylation and sulfation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is required for high-affinity binding and rolling on P-selectin, our findings indicate that sulfation of N-terminal tyrosine residues is not required for binding or rolling. However, beads coated with a tyrosine-sulfated, sLeX-modified, PSGL-1-Fc chimera support slower rolling on P-selectin than beads coated with sLeX alone, suggesting that sulfation improves rolling adhesion by modulating binding to P-selectin. In addition, we find it is not necessary that P-selectin carbohydrate ligands be multivalent for robust rolling to occur. Our results demonstrate that beads coated with monovalent sLeX, exhibiting a more sparse distribution of carbohydrate than a similar amount of the multivalent form, are sufficient to yield rolling adhesion. The relative abilities of various ligands to support rolling on P-selectin are quantitatively examined among themselves and in comparison to human neutrophils. Using stop-time distributions, rolling dynamics at video frame rate resolution, and the average and variance of the rolling velocity, we find that P-selectin ligands display the following quantitative trend, in order of decreasing ability to support rolling adhesion on P-selectin: PSGL-1-Fc \u3e sLea ~ sLeX \u3e HSO3\u3eLeX

Genes in loci genetically associated with polycystic ovary syndrome are dynamically expressed in human fetal gonadal, metabolic and brain tissues

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder, affecting around 10% of women of reproductive age, with infertility, depression or anxiety, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes as risk factors. The cause of PCOS is not known but there is a predisposition to developing PCOS in adult life that arises during fetal or perinatal life. PCOS also has a genetic predisposition and a number of genetic loci associated with PCOS have been identified. These loci contain 25 candidate genes which are currently being studied to define the syndrome. Although the name PCOS suggests a syndrome of the ovary, PCOS has also been associated with the central nervous system and other organ systems in the body due to the wide variety of symptoms it presents. Methods: Here, we examined the expression patterns of PCOS candidate genes in gonadal (ovary and testis), metabolic (heart, liver and kidney) and brain (brain and cerebellum) tissues during the first half of human fetal development and postnatally until adulthood using public RNA sequencing data. This study is an initial step for more comprehensive and translational studies to define PCOS. Results: We found that the genes were dynamically expressed in the fetal tissues studied. Some genes were significantly expressed in gonadal tissues, whilst others were expressed in metabolic or brain tissues at different time points prenatally and/or postnatally. HMGA2, FBN3 and TOX3 were highly expressed during the early stages of fetal development in all tissues but least during adulthood. Interestingly, correlation between expression of HMGA2/YAP1 and RAD50/YAP1 were significant in at least 5 of the 7 fetal tissues studied. Notably, DENND1A, THADA, MAPRE1, RAB5B, ARL14EP, KRR1, NEIL2 and RAD50 were dynamically expressed in all postnatal tissues studied. Conclusions: These findings suggest that these genes have tissue- or development-specific roles in multiple organs, possibly resulting in the various symptoms associated with PCOS. Thus the fetal origin of a predisposition to PCOS in adulthood could arise via the effects of PCOS candidate genes in the development of multiple organs.Rafiatu Azumah, Katja Hummitzsch, Richard A. Anderson, and Raymond J. Rodger