The entry of diphtheria toxin into the mammalian cell cytoplasm: evidence for lysosomal involvement

Lysosomotropic amines, such as ammonium chloride, are known to protect cells from the cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin. These drugs are believed to inhibit the transport of the toxin from a receptor at the cell exterior into the cytoplasm where a fragment of the toxin arrests protein synthesis. We studied the effects of lysosomotropic agents on the cytotoxic process to better understand how the toxin enters the cytoplasm. The cytotoxic effects of diphtheria toxin were not inhibited by antitoxin when cells were preincubated at 37 degrees C with toxin and ammonium chloride, exposed to antitoxin at 4 degrees C, washed to relieve the ammonium chloride inhibition, and finally warmed to 37 degrees C. The antigenic determinants of the toxin were, therefore, either altered or sheltered. It is likely that the combination of ammonium chloride and a low temperature trapped the toxin in an intracellular vesicle from which the toxin could proceed to the cytoplasm. Because lysosomotropic amines raise the pH within acidic intracellular vesicles, such as lysosomes, they could trap the toxin within such a vesicle if an acidic environment were necessary for the toxin to penetrate into the cytoplasm. We simulated acidic conditions which the toxin might encounter by exposing cells with toxin bound to their surface to acidic medium. We then measured the effects of lysosomotropic amines on the activity of the toxin to see if the acidic environment substituted for the function normally inhibited by the drugs. The drugs no longer protected the cells. This suggests that exposing the toxin to an acidic environment, such as that found within lysosomes, is an important step in the penetration of diphtheria toxin into the cytoplasm

Representations of Eve and the Church at Autun

This paper examines the representation of Eve on the lintel fragment from La Cathédral Saint-Lazare d’Autun, France. Eve is depicted naked, crawling on her belly through the Garden of Eden, with one hand reaching out for the fruit of the Tree of Life and the other shielding her face in a gesture of shame. Parishioners and pilgrims to the church mimic these movements as crawl down the aisle of the church to ask for penance. Public displays of humility and shame were common practice in acting for penance in the medieval church. Lazarus of Bethany, the patron saint of the cathedral, is said to have been raised from the dead after four days by Jesus. Lazarus of Bethany was canonized as the patron saint of lepers in the Middle Ages, and Saint Lazare d’Autun became a common stop along the pilgrimage route where pilgrims asked for forgiveness and healing. This unusual use of Eve as a symbol of shame calls into question the views of women at the time that the lintel fragment was made in the 12th century. Eve’s undulating movements are subtly sexual in nature and reminiscent of the movements of a serpent. The suggestion that she is serpent-like aligns her with the devil and solidifies her connection to the fall of man

A 16 Bar Cut: The History Of American Musical Theatrean Original Script And Monograph Document

Believing that a thesis should encompass all aspects of a conservatory training program, I will write and perform--in collaboration with my classmate Patrick John Moran--a new musical entitled A 16 Bar Cut: The History of American Musical Theatre as the capstone project for my Master of Fine Arts in Musical Theatre. A 16 Bar Cut will be a two-man show that tells the entire history of American musical theatre from the ancient Greeks to today in a tongue-in-cheek manner. The goal of the project is to pay homage to an original American art form in a night of zany silliness and hilarity. The show will feature an informative perspective on the rise and current status of American musical theatre, several new songs, complete irreverence, and grown men singing, dancing, and making utter fools of themselves. Creating my thesis show will test and stretch my knowledge base of the musical theatre art form and virtually every skill that I have developed in my course of study. Since A 16 Bar Cut centers on the historical journey of musical theatre, constructing the new work will demonstrate my understanding of musical theatre history and literature. Performing the show will also challenge my ability and craftsmanship as an actor, singer, and dancer. Not only will I create a through-line character--a heightened, silly, professorial version of myself, but I will also create approximately fifty additional characters used throughout the show. The vocal and dance requirements for my track will also be numerous and demanding. And since the show travels through the major movements of musical theatre history, I will have to dance, sing, and act in the various styles and qualities of each movement and time period. Other significant challenges will center on script development. The first obstacle will be synthesizing music theatre into a single evening while maintaining an arc, storyline, and Patrick and my specific point of view about the genre. Another complexity to the show will be accessibility to the audience--how to be respectful to and informative about musical theatre, while at the same time being entertaining and funny to a wide array of audience members who will vary in musical theatre knowledge. In addition, developing a two-man thesis will require a complete collaboration with Patrick Moran. Since musical theatre is rarely--if ever--a solo art, working as a team will expand and exercise my collaborative abilities. And producing the show with Patrick will test supplementary skills such as marketing, resourcefulness, design and technical elements, etc. The Research and Analysis portion of my monograph document will be structured according to the M.F.A. Thesis Guidelines as applicable to my specific project. The (A) Research section will consist of a biographical glossary on all of the composers and lyricists referenced in A 16 Bar Cut. Librettists\u27 information will be included when their work is pertinent. Additionally, each composer, lyricists, and librettists will be discussed in regards to their significance in musical theatre history. The (B) Structural Analysis section will describe the show\u27s organization and construction and how the structural problems mentioned above are solved. The (C) Role Analysis section will have three sub-sections focusing on my different roles in the production as a playwright, producer, and actor

University of Texas Fine Arts Library Student/Audio Visual Area

UT Librarie

Alien Registration- Cummingham, Rockford H. (Auburn, Androscoggin County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/30794/thumbnail.jp

Enriched surface acidity for surfactant-free suspensions of carboxylated carbon nanotubes purified by centrifugation

AbstractIt is well known that surfactant-suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) samples can be purified by centrifugation to decrease agglomerates and increase individually-dispersed CNTs. However, centrifugation is not always part of protocols to prepare CNT samples used in biomedical applications. Herein, using carboxylated multi-walled CNTs (cMWCNTs) suspended in water without a surfactant, we developed a Boehm titrimetric method for the analysis of centrifuged cMWCNT suspensions and used it to show that the surface acidity of oxidized carbon materials in aqueous cMWCNT suspensions was enriched by ∼40% by a single low-speed centrifugation step. This significant difference in surface acidity between un-centrifuged and centrifuged cMWCNT suspensions has not been previously appreciated and is important because the degree of surface acidity is known to affect the interactions of cMWCNTs with biological systems

Watershed Modeling and Sediment Yield Prediction of the Los Olmos Creek Watershed in South Texas

Studying the sediment that accumulates in a stream is an important aspect in the study of water quality and resources. With respect to water quality, the main issue is the turbidity of the water. Increased losses of natural landscape increase the erosion process in turn raising the turbidity of the water and reducing the light that can penetrate to the water reducing the growth of aquatic life. With respect to water resources, sediment accumulates in the river ways, harbors, and in dams reducing the effectiveness of these resources. This study focused on determining the amount of sediment that is outputted at the outlet of a watershed in the form of sediment yield in units of Tonne per square kilometer. The objective of this study was to determine and produce a map that detailed the sediment yield in Tonne per square kilometer for the subbasins within the Los Olmos Creek watershed given a hypothetical frequency storm event. Two frequency storm events were applied and compared and the final outcome would be sediment yield per storm event

Development of Palladium-Catalyzed and Iodine-Mediated Formal [4+1] Annulation Protocols. Progress toward a New Fulvene-Based Organocatalytic Platform for Carbonyl α-Functionalization

The development of a new palladium-catalyzed [4+1] annulation protocol is described. This process involves an oxidative palladium-catalyzed intramolecular vinylcyclopropanation of dienyl beta-ketoesters followed by a magnesium iodide-mediated vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement. The cyclopropanation makes use of magnesium perchlorate to increase reactivity at the alpha-carbon of the beta-ketoesters. The protocol has been demonstrated to be effective in the annulation of a number of substituted dienyl beta-ketoesters. The development of a one-pot iodine-mediated Lewis acid-promoted [4+1] annulation protocol is described. The protocol utilizes an iodine-mediated vinylcyclopropanation of dienyl beta-ketoesters followed by vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement. Magnesium perchlorate, used to promote the first reaction and iodide are used to effect the vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement. The application of the protocol to a broad range of substituted dienyl beta-ketoesters is described. Progress toward a fulvene-based organocatalytic paradigm has been made. The diastereoselective alpha-allylation of a camphor-derived indenyl fulvene has been demonstrated. The reversible formation of fulvenes from carbonyls and electron deficient cyclopentadienes under mild nucleophilic amines catalysis has also been demonstrated and applied to several aryl and alkenyl aldehydes. Transfulvenation between benzaldehyde- and cinnamaldehyde-derived fulvenes has also been demonstrated