PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN LONGLINE FISHERY LANDED AT BENOA PORT BALI INDONESIA

This study highlighted the occurrence of productivity and economic analysis of Indian Ocean longline fishery which was landed in Benoa port Bali Indonesia. The aim of this study is to determine feasibility of tuna longline effort based on business analysis and current condition. The data used in this study based on the Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) observer program in Benoa from 2010-2011. This paper presents the current information on Catch per Unit of Effort (CPUE) and feasibility analysis based on the recent economic parameters. The CPUEs of tuna longline vessel in 2010 and 2011 respectively were 288.35 kg/effort and 281.97 kg/effort. The feasibility analysis of Indian Ocean tuna longline effort showed that tuna longline efforts remains profitableand feasible with payback periods (year-3, month - 2 and day- 18), internal rate of return (53%), average rate of return (61.24%) and net present value between Rp 1.709.897.950,- (first year) and Rp 85.331.099.211,- (at the end of 25 years)

ANALISIS DAMPAK FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat meningkatkan perekonomian suatu negara, baik itu untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, membuka lapangan pekerjaan baru, dan untuk mengurangi kemiskinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak FDI terhadap tingkat kemiskinan provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2010 sampai tahun 2014. Penelitian ini berfokus pada menganalisis dampak FDI terhadap kemiskinan serta menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, angkatan kerja, dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap timgkat kemiskinan provinsi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan pendekatan ekonometrika. Model yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dengan metode penyembuhan Generalized Least Square (GLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, FDI, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan pengeluaran pemerintah berpengaruh secara negatif dan signifikan tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia. Hal ini menandakan bahwa FDI dapat mengurangi tingkat kemiskinan provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2010 sampai tahun 2014

FISHING GROUND, CACTH COMPOSITION, HOOK RATE AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION OF BILLFISHES CAUGHT BY TUNA LONG LINE IN INDIAN OCEAN

Billfishes area by cacth of tuna long line vessels in Indian Ocean. Billfish are consist of swordfish Xiphias gladius, black marlin Makaira indica, indo facific blue marlin Makaira mazara, stripe marlin Tetrapturus audax, indo facific sailfish Istiophorus platypterus and shortbill spearfish Tetrapturus angustirostris. Besides that, billfishes also have important economic value compared with tuna as an exsported species such as swordfish and marlin. To optimize the catch of billfishes in Indian Ocean, data and information of potential fishing ground, size and catch composition of this species are needed. The billfishes cacth composition collected in 2011 were dominated by 45% swordfish, 20% black marlin, 19% blue marlin,9% short bill spearfish, 6% sailfish and 1%stripe marlin. The billfishes size range which were caught between 60 - 280 cm LJFL (Lower Jaw Fork Length). The sword fish average length was 150 cm, blue marlin 197 cm, black Marlin 189 cm, sailfish 150cm ,short bill spearfish 144 cm and stripe marlin159 cm. From this observation, it was found that most of billfishes caught were in mature

BIOLOGY AND CPUE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ESCOLAR Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) IN EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN (EVOLVING FISHERIES: TODAY’S BY-CATCH IS TOMORROW’S TARGET CATCH)

Discharge of by catch is a significant problem in world fishery. Every commercial fishery such as tuna longline has a suite of bycatch species, escolar fish (LEC). LEC as by catch product has received a little attention because of its lower economic value and given its importance as a secondary market. With time, however, market can become establish for this presently undesirable species. Acknowledging that today’s by catch might become tomorrow’s target fish. The aims of this study areto provide information on biological aspect and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) spatial distribution of escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) as by catch in Indonesian longline fishery operating in the Eastern Indian Ocean. Total escolar samples of 1,815 were taken from scientific observer data from 2011-2013. The study area of escolar was between 0.897-33.175°S and 85.366– 138.733°E of Eastern Indian Ocean. Results show that the escolar length (cmFL) is distributed from 27-178 cmFL (median=83 cmFL, mode=85 cmFL, mean=83.95 cmFL and n= 1.812) and dominated by the size of 85 cmFL. The length weight relationship was determined to be W=0.0002FL2.2926(W in kg, FL in cm). In terms of CPUEs distribution, the lower CPUEs(<1.0001) generally occurred near shore between Indonesia and Australia (10-20°S and 110 125°E).The highest CPUEs of escolar (>1.0001 to 7.382) generally occurred in Western Australian, precisely on grid between 10-35°S and 85-110°E. These grids would be a potential for fishing LEC with the best time to catch in June to August

Pengaruh Penambahan Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Kekuatan Tarik Polypropylene Hasil Injection Molding

Pada saat ini, perkembangan industri plastik dari tahun ke tahun semakin bertambah, sehingga banyak ditemukan metode-metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk plastik. Salah satu metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas plastik adalah dengan menambahkan bahan pengisi (filler) yang mampu memberi nilai tambah pada bahan plastik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh penambahan persentase karbon aktif tempurung kelapa terhadap kekuatan tarik polypropylene. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan persentase berat filler karbon aktif yaitu 0%, 2%, 5%, 7% dan 10%. Karbon aktif tempurung kelapa yang akan digunakan dilakukan proses pengayakan untuk mendapatkan ukuran yang seragam, mesh yang digunakan adalah mesh 100 hingga 200. Pembuatan spesimen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan proses injection molding dengan tekanan injeksi yang digunakan 90 bar dan temperatur untuk melelehkan 180 oC yang dicetak menggunakan cetakan ukuran spesimen uji tarik sesuai standar ASTM D638. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambah persentase berat karbon aktif dapat menaikkan kekuatan tarik polypropylene akibat interface yang baik antara matriks dan filler. Namun pada penambahan persentase karbon aktif 5% hingga 10% terjadi penurunan kekuatan tarik akibat berlebihnya filler. Semakin bertambahnya persentase karbon aktif maka elongation semakin berkurang dapat dibuktikan dengan foto SEM pada patahan spesimen yang menunjukkan semakin bertambahnya persentase karbon aktif permukaan semakin kasar karena yang menunjukkan bentuk patahan getas. Kekuatan tarik rata-rata tertinggi ada pada spesimen dengan penambahan 2% karbon aktif yaitu sebesar 31,61 MPa dan nilai kekuatan tarik rata-rata yang terendah adalah spesimen dengan penambahan 10% karbon aktif yaitu sebesar 26,39 MPa

CHARACTERISTIC OF SMALL SCALE TUNA FISHERIES ASSOCIATED WITH FADs IN LABUHAN LOMBOK, WEST NUSA TENGGARA-INDONESIA

Fish aggregating devices, or FADs are used extensively in developing countries to attract and to collect pelagic fish and give positive impacts on fish production. Use of FADs has started in early 20th century with different names among the countries and regions. This study investigated the design, deployment, distribution, density and the number of FADs used by small scale tuna fisherman in Labuhan Lombok, including characteristics of fishing boat, fishing gear, catch composition, catch per unit of effort (CPUE), fish diversity and species richness. There were 65 FADs identified in this study and 47 of them were in normal distribution. Type of the FADs used was anchored FADs, spreading between 56.63 to 267.70 NM from Labuhan Lombok fishing port. The placement of FADs were arranged in such a way as to resemble a fence, in which the distance from one to another was close. It is expected to disrupt tuna movement towards the strait in the small islands around West Nusa Tenggara. The dimensional size of vessels used to catch fish was small boat (< 7 GT) with handline as fishing gears. Fish catches were dominated by skipjack (40.30%) followed by yellowfin tuna (30.90%), tuna juvenile (13.44%), frigate tuna (4.19%), albacore (3.41%), bigeye tuna (2.71%) and others (5.03%). The highest nominal CPUE occurred in January and February, accounted for 278 kg and 285 kg per day at sea respectively. The average diversity of fish and species richness in FADs area were 1.07674 and 1.3573 correspondingly. Overall results inform that diversity of fish, productivity and ecosystem were at sufficient condition and mid ecological pressure but species richness was in low condition. If this continues, it is possible that tuna diversity will decrease and endanger the survival of tuna species and others species related to the tuna

STANDARDIZING CPUE OF ALBACORE TUNA (Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre, 1788) ON TUNA LONGLINE FISHERY IN EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) is the third dominant catch of Indonesian tuna longline fishery operating in the eastern Indian Ocean. The percentage production of albacore catch was reaching up 6% of the total catch of tuna groups in Indonesia. Thi study aims to examine a relative abundance indices using standardized catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of longliner based on albacore tuna. This information will give a valuable input and information to support stock assessment particularly in the regional basis. In this study, we use Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Tweedie distribution to standardize the CPUE and to estimate relative abundance indices based on the Indonesian longline dataset time series. Data were collected from January 2006 to October 2015 (106 trip observer and 8.989 fishing days) by conducting direct onboard observation on tuna longline vessels operating in the Indian Ocean. The result show that year, area,hooks between floats, year*season, year*area and year* hooks between floats significantly influenced the nominal CPUE of albacore. The highest value of Standardized CPUE appeared in 2014 and probably related to the large number of foreign fishing vessels with a high capacity (over 60 GT) targeting frozen tuna including albacore. In 2015, standardized CPUE value was sharply decreased due to the ban of foreign vessels in Indonesia.

THE INFLUENCE OF SWIMMING LAYER AND SUB-SURFACE OCEANOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON CATCH OF ALBACORE (Thunnus alalunga) IN EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN

The current study highlighted the relationship between the number of ALB catch, swimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) in Eastern Indian Ocean. This data used in this study were based on the Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) observer program in Benoa from 2010-2013. This paper presents the information about vertical distribution of Albacore and its relations to sub surface oceanographic variables (SSOV). Results show that the optimum catch of albacore occurred at depth of 118 to 291 m with the average temperature between       12.41-20.47 °C, dissolved oxygen 3.24-4.68 ml/l , salinity 34.78-35.01 psu, nitrate 6.78-17.50 µ mol/l, phosphate 0.62-1.27 µ mol/l and  silicate 10.06-24.77 µ mol/l. The highest catches of albacore are mostly at depth of 156 m (hook number 2 and 11) with the average temperature 18.71°C, dissolved oxygen 4.68 ml/l, salinity 34.78 psu, nitrate 10.71 µ mol/l, phosphate 0.86 µ mol/l and silicate 15.95 µ mol/l. The highest influence of swimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variable to the number of ALB catch contained at depth of 291 m of albacore swimming layer with coefficient correlation ( r ) 0.934 and determination coefficient ( R2) 0.872.  The lowest influence of  swimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variable to the number of ALB catch  contained at depth of 156 m of albacore swimming layer with coefficient correlation ( r ) 0.528 and determination coefficient   ( R2) 0,279. The relationship between swimming layer and sub-surface oceanographic variable on catch of  ALB tuna was low (<0.500).

DAMPAK PEMBERLAKUAN MORATORIUM PERIZINAN TANGKAP TERHADAP UPAYA PENANGKAPAN DAN PRODUKSI RAWAI TUNA SKALA INDUSTRI YANG BERBASIS DI PELABUHAN BENOA-BALI

PERMEN KP Nomor 56 tahun 2014  dan PERMEN KP Nomor 10 tahun 2015 berguna untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan perikanan yang bertanggung jawab dan penanggulangan terhadap Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) Indonesia.  Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui dampak moratorium perizinan perikanan tangkap terhadap upaya penangkapan dan produksi rawai tuna yang berbasis di pelabuhan Benoa-Bali.Analisis data didasarkan pada hasil enumerasi oleh enumerator Loka Penelitian Perikanan Tuna (LPPT) di pelabuhan Benoa, dari Januari 2012 sampai dengan Desember 2015. Moratorium perizinan perikanan tangkap efektif diberlakukan pada tanggal 3 Nopember 2014. Hasil studi menunjukkan terjadi kenaikan pada rata-rata  produksi, upaya dan CPUE perikanan tuna skala industri di pelabuhan Benoa di tahun 2015 (setelah moratorium). Kenaikan produksi, CPUE dan upaya penangkapan perikanan tuna skala industri di pelabuhan Benoa berturut turut sebesar 6-18%, 3,3-16% dan 4-11% dari rata-rata produksi, CPUE dan upaya penangkapan 3 tahun sebelum moratorium.  Meskipun terjadi kenaikan produksi, CPUE, dan upaya penangkapan namun setelah di uji statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (tidak berdampak nyata). The Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation number 56 year 2014  and number 10 year 2015 are directed to realize a responsible fisheries management and counter-measures of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (FMA). The contents of the regulation is a temporary suspension (moratorium) and temporary licensing of capture fisheries  imposed to the boat constructed overseas and restriction of fisheries transshipment. The objectives of this study is to identify the impact of this regulation on the efforts and productivity rate of the industrial longline tuna based in Benoa port, Bali. This study was the result of analysis on data collected by Research Institute for Tuna Fisheries (RITF) in Benoa port, Bali during 2012-2015. The moratorium was started on 3 November 2014. The results  of the study showed that production, effort and CPUE were increased after this regulation been in forced. Within the period of 3 years, the average increasing production, CPUE and effort of the industrial scale tuna longline in Benoa port were at the range of 6-18%, 3.3-16% and 4-11%, respectively, although, it was found that the results were statistically not significant

PENGARUH LAMA WAKTU TEBAR PANCING DAN PERENDAMAN TERHADAP HASIL TANGKAPAN ALBAKORA (Thunnus alalunga Bonnaterre, 1788) DI SAMUDRA HINDIA BAGIAN TIMUR

Albakora (Thunnus alalunga) merupakan salah satu hasil tangkapan ikan ekonomis penting bagi nelayan rawai tuna di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu tebar pancing dan perendaman rawai tuna terhadap hasil tangkapan albakora. Pengumpulan data penelitian ini dilakukan oleh observer pada armada rawai tuna yang berfungsi di Samudra Hindia, dilakukan dari bulan Agustus 2005 hingga Agustus 2016. Lama waktu tebar pancing rawai tuna berkisar antara 2-9 jam dengan lama waktu perendaman 1-14 jam atau rata-rata 5 jam. Analisis sidik ragam satu arah menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang nyata pada lama waktu tebar pancing dan perendaman terhadap hasil tangkapan albakora (F9,1020=5,72; p<0,05). Uji Tukey menunjukkan bahwa lama waktu tebar pancing dan perendaman terbaik untuk menangkap albakora adalah masing-masing selama 4 & 5 jam dengan rata-rata laju tangkap sebesar 0,37/100 mata pancing. Nelayan armada rawai tuna disarankan untuk mengurangi lama waktu tebar pancing menjadi 4 jam dan tetap mempertahankan lama waktu perendaman 5 jam untuk memperoleh hasil tangkapan albokora secara maksimal.Albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) is one of the important economic catches for tuna longline fishermen in Indonesia. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of length of set and soak time of tuna longline vessels to the catch of albacore tuna. The research data was collected by scientific observer on the Indonesian tuna longline vessels and conducted from August 2005 to August 2016. In general, the length of set time on tuna longline vessels ranges from 2-9 hours with the length of soak time from 1-14 hours with average of 5 hours. One way Anova analysis showed that there was a significant difference on the length of set and soak time to the catch of albacore tuna (F9,1020=5,72; p<0,05). Tukey test showed that the best length of set and soak time to catch albacore tuna was 4 & 5 hours, respectively, with hook rates of 0.37/100 hooks. Fishermen of longline tuna vessels are suggested to reduce the length of set time into 4 hours and to maintain 5 hours of soak time to obtain maximum catch of albacore tuna