O funk e a educação: etnomusicologia e pesquisa-ação participativa em contextos diversos

Resumo: Este artigo se localiza no campo da etnomusicologia e da educação decolonial. Visa contribuir no debate sobre a inserção formal dos conhecimentos dos mestres de tradição oral no campo da educação. Assim, a metodologia aqui privilegiada é a pesquisa-ação participativa, na intersecção de uma pesquisa de mestrado e outra de doutorado, com a participação de um mestre do saber da cultura funk. Dentro de três diferentes contextos: uma escola básica de um bairro da periferia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) e uma das unidades do Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (DEGASE), pudemos executar na prática os pressupostos teóricos de uma possível educação decolonial e antirracista. A proposta principal consiste em não hierarquizar verticalmente os saberes acadêmicos em detrimento dos não acadêmicos, na convivência de diferentes epistemologias dentro de um só contexto. Neste caminho, esta pesquisa contribui com novos apontamentos e desdobramentos para a educação musical no campo da etnomusicologia.   Palavras-chave: Etnomusicologia. Educação Musical. Funk. Decolonialidade.Funk and education: etnomusicology and research-action in different contextsAbstract: This article is in the field of ethnomusicology and decolonial education. It aims to contribute to the debate about the formal insertion of the oral tradition masters' knowledge in the field of education. Thus, the privileged methodology here is participatory action research, at the intersection of a master's and a doctoral research, with the participation of a master of knowledge of funk culture. Within three different contexts: a basic school in a suburb of the city of Rio de Janeiro, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) and one of the units of the General Department of Socio-educational Actions (DEGASE), we were able to perform in the the theoretical assumptions of a possible decolonial and anti-racist education. The main proposal consists in not vertically hierarchizing the academic knowledge to the detriment of non-academics, in the possibly harmonious coexistence of different epistemologies within a single context. In this way, this research contributes with new notes and unfoldings for the musical education in the field of ethnomusicology.  Key-words: Ethnomusicology.  Musical Education. Funk.  Decoloniality

Generalizability of Cardiovascular Safety Trials on SGLT2 Inhibitors to the Real World: Implications for Clinical Practice

Introduction: Following the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on the evaluation of novel agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a number of cardiovascular outcomes safety trials (CVOTs) on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been conducted. These trials show similarities in study design and definition of primary endpoints, but differ in their eligibility criteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the generalizability of CVOTs on SGLT2i to Italian adults with T2DM; we estimated the proportions of this patient population who would be eligible for enrollment in EMPA-REG OUTCOME (empagliflozin), CANVAS (canagliflozin), DECLARE-TIMI 58 (dapagliflozin), and VERTIS-CV (ertugliflozin) studies. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 222 Italian diabetes clinics. Data on 455,662 adult patients with T2DM seen during 2016 were analyzed against the published patient eligibility criteria for the four CVOTs. The current use of SGLT2i in potentially eligible patients was assessed. Results: Among the population identified, the proportion of patients meeting major eligibility criteria was 11.7% for EMPA-REG OUTCOME, 29.4% for CANVAS, 55.9% for DECLARE-TIMI 58, and 12.8% for VERTIS-CV. Of the patients eligible for these CVOTs, only a minority (range 4.4-6.8%) was actually prescribed an SGLT2i. Compared with patients in the CVOTs, eligible patients in the real world showed older age and longer diabetes duration, lower BMI and HbA1c levels, lower prevalence of established cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, and higher rates of microvascular complications and peripheral arterial disease. Conclusion: The percentage of patients potentially eligible for treatment with SGLT2i varies as a reflection of different eligibility criteria applied in the trials. A large number of patients that could benefit from SGLT2i in terms of not only cardiovascular protection but also renal protection do not receive the treatment

Novel anti-obesity quercetin-derived Q2 prevents metabolic disorders in rats fed with high-fat diet

Objective: Obesity is often accompanied by an increased morbidity and mortality due to an increase of the cardiovascular disease risk factors, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Research is constantly working on protective molecules against obesity. In the present study, a novel Quercetin derivative Q2 was synthesized to overcome the poor bioavailability and low stability of Quercetin, a natural flavonoid with antioxidative and antiobesity properties. Methods: Rats were fed (12ws) with normodiet (fat:INS; 6.2%), High Fat Diet (fat:60%), HFDINS; +INS; Q2 in water (500INS; nM). Metabolic and anthropometric parameters were measured. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated with Q2 (1-25μM) and the differentiation program was evaluated by lipid accumulation through ORO staining. Gene and protein expression levels were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results: Compared to HFD, HFDINS; +INS; Q2 rats showed reduced body weight, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and improved glucose tolerance. This is associated to lower adipose and liver modifications compared to hypertrophy and steatosis observed in HFD. In 3T3-L1 cells, lipid accumulation was significantly impaired by treatment with Q2. Indeed, Q2 significantly decreased the expression of the main adipogenic markers, c/EBPα and PPARγ both at mRNA and protein level. Conclusions: Our results indicate that Q2 markedly decreases differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and contributes to prevent metabolic disorders as well as adipose and liver alterations typical of severe obesity induced by a HFD

Electron Spin Resonance and Thermoluminescence dating of shells and sediments from Sambaqui (shell mound) Santa Marta II, Brazil

In Tupi, the word Sambaqui means “mound of shells”. These archaeological sites are cultural vestiges left by the prehistoric occupation of the Brazilian coast from five to six thousand years ago. Mollusks, fishes, and other marine edible foods were important for the survival of this population. The remains of foods, mainly shells, were heaped up, giving a mound of different proportions, which became part of the landscape of the Brazilian coastal plain. Due to the large number of Sambaquis in Brazil and considering that Sambaqui Santa Marta II, Laguna, SC, has not yet been dated, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements were performed in aragonite shells collected from different layers of Sambaqui Santa Marta II, starting from the base to the center of the Sambaqui. Radiocarbon analysis by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at Beta Analytic laboratory were also performed for comparison with ESR results. Before measurements, shells were chemically etched, after drying, were pulverized and sieved. The sediments were separated into small portions which were irradiated with gamma radiation from a 60Co source with doses from 5 up to 120 Gy. Ages around 2,000 to 4,000 years have been obtained. The results obtained are consistent with the dates of others Sambaquis of the region, possibly were built at the same time

EPR dating of shells from Malhada Marsh, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The formation of the coastal plain of the Brazilian sea is mainly due to the fluctuation of relative sea level in the past. Armação dos Buzios or simply Buzios is a municipality in the microregion of lakes, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In this region there is a lowland area about two meters above current sea level. This lowland areais also known as coastal plain of Una River. It is expected that during the Holocene period the sea level reached a maximum about 2.5 meters above the current level. During that time billions of mollusks lived and proliferated in the shallow waters around the coastal plain of the Una River. As they died their shells formed a layer in the soil including Malhada Marsh that belongs to the Una River plain. In this study, shells were collected from this region and dated using the techniques of Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Ages from 2480±130 to 4490±270 years were obtained. Radiocarbon dating were performed at the Beta Analytic Lab, USA for comparison with the EPR results. Shells ages obtained are compatible with geological data from the Holocene period relative to past sea level fluctuations

Automatic metabolome profiling of bacterial colony heterogeneity by multimodal imaging with mass spectrometry and microscopy

peer reviewedIntroduction Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) is a method of growing interest for the in-situ study of metabolites produced during bacterial colony interactions on hard surfaces. However, this type of analysis is often limited to one interaction per MS image or very few interactions. With this practice, the heterogeneity of different bacteria, i.e. the diversity in metabolites expression within the same bacterial strain, is not taken into account. Here, we propose a new informatic method that allows to study the molecular expression of multiple bacterial colonies from a single MS image by combining light microscopy and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. The method automatizes the detection of different colonies and attributes signal from every detected metabolite to each colony. Methods Bacteria are grown on a thin layer of agar directly on an ITO (indium tin oxide) plate. A bright field microscopic image of the plate is taken before the MALDI preparation of the plate (pre-MALDI image). After MALDI MS acquisition of the plate a new bright field image of the plate is taken (post-MALDI image). A cross modality image registration is performed according to the MS, pre-MALDI and post-MALDI image. An image segmentation pipeline allows to determine the position of every detectable object on the plate. Then, the MS signal corresponding to each of those objects is estimated. This method generates a matrix of MS signal expression where rows correspond to the objects and columns to their metabolites. Preliminary Data We have applied our method on an agar coculture of Bacillus velezensis GA1 and Pseudomonas sp. CMR12a. Both strains are biocontrol agents that produce lipopeptides. The bacteria are inoculated on the opposite side of an ITO plate in such a way that the middle of the plate corresponds to the interaction between the 2 different strains. The bacteria are grown during 24 hours forming multiple micro-colonies of around 300 µm of diameter. Control plates are generated by inoculating each strain alone. The MSI of the plate is acquired on a MALDI FT-ICR-MS (SolariX XR 9.4T, Bruker) identifying different families of lipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and lipopeptides such as surfactins, orfamides and sessilins. The MS signal of each micro-colony is estimated according to our method and the corresponding image of each colony is extracted from the pre-MALDI image. The method detects multiple objects on the pre-MALDI image which is then filtered to isolate CMR12a colonies. The removed objects correspond to GA1 colonies and artefacts with not enough signal to be analyzed. It is then possible to investigate the heterogeneity of the colonies by applying unsupervised clustering algorithms (hierarchical clustering). Statistical analysis is used to detect specific signals of those clusters. In this experiment, our method highlights a sub-cluster of CMR12a which is characterized by an over expression of particular PG lipids and an under expression of sessilins and orfamides. The colonies corresponding to this sub-cluster seems to be located closer to the interaction region with GA1 compared to the other CMR12a colonies. Moreover, the method highlights multiple CMR12a mutants previously identified as mutants that have lost a genomic island which over expressed PE lipids and do not express sessilins. Further work will focus on in vivo analysis of bacteria colonizing plant’s roots. Novel Aspect Informatic method allowing the automatic detection and the study of multiple bacterial micro-colonies by their MS and microscope image

CD1a expression by Barrett's metaplasia of gastric type may help to predict its evolution towards cancer

As emerging in the recent literature, CD1a has been regarded as a molecule whose expression may reflect tumour evolution. The aim of the present work was to investigate the expression of CD1a in a series of Barrett's metaplasia (BM), gastric type (GTBM), with and without follow-up, in order to analyse whether its expression may help to diagnose this disease and to address the outcome. Indeed, GTBM may be confused sometimes with islets of ectopic gastric mucosa and its evolution towards dysplasia (Dy) or carcinoma (Ca) could not be foreseen. We showed a significant higher expression of CD1a in GTBM than in both Dy and Ca; nevertheless, the number of positive GTBM was significantly lower in the group of cases that at follow-up underwent Dy or Ca. Our data address that CD1a may be a novel biomarker for BM and that its expression may help to predict the prognosis of this pathology

Interferon regulatory factor 8-deficiency determines massive neutrophil recruitment but T cell defect in fast growing granulomas during tuberculosis

Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, immune cell recruitment in lungs is pivotal in establishing protective immunity through granuloma formation and neogenesis of lymphoid structures (LS). Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) plays an important role in host defense against Mtb, although the mechanisms driving anti-mycobacterial immunity remain unclear. In this study, IRF-8 deficient mice (IRF-8−/−) were aerogenously infected with a low-dose Mtb Erdman virulent strain and the course of infection was compared with that induced in wild-type (WT-B6) counterparts. Tuberculosis (TB) progression was examined in both groups using pathological, microbiological and immunological parameters. Following Mtb exposure, the bacterial load in lungs and spleens progressed comparably in the two groups for two weeks, after which IRF-8−/− mice developed a fatal acute TB whereas in WT-B6 the disease reached a chronic stage. In lungs of IRF-8−/−, uncontrolled growth of pulmonary granulomas and impaired development of LS were observed, associated with unbalanced homeostatic chemokines, progressive loss of infiltrating T lymphocytes and massive prevalence of neutrophils at late infection stages. Our data define IRF-8 as an essential factor for the maintenance of proper immune cell recruitment in granulomas and LS required to restrain Mtb infection. Moreover, IRF-8−/− mice, relying on a common human and mouse genetic mutation linked to susceptibility/severity of mycobacterial diseases, represent a valuable model of acute TB for comparative studies with chronically-infected congenic WT-B6 for dissecting protective and pathological immune reactions

External fixation compared to intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures in the rat

Background and purpose It is not known whether there is a difference in bone healing after external fixation and after intramedullary nailing. We therefore compared fracture healing in rats after these two procedures