Direct thermal desorption gas chromatographic determination of toxicologically relevant concentrations of ethylene glycol in whole blood

© 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. A simple and rapid method involving thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) with flame ionisation detection has been successfully developed for the determination of ethylene glycol in whole blood. No sample extraction or derivatization steps were required. The conditions required for the direct determination of ethylene glycol in whole blood were optimised and require only the addition of the internal standard, 1,2-butanediol, to the sample. A 1 μL aliquot of the sample was then introduced to the thermal desorption unit, dried, and thermally desorbed directly to the gas chromatograph. A calibration curve was constructed over the concentration range of 1.0 to 200 mM and was found to be linear over the range investigated with an R2 value of 0.9997. The theoretical limit of detection based on 3σ was calculated to be 50.2 μM (3.11 mg L-1). No issues with carryover were recorded. No interferences were recorded from endogenous blood components or a number of commonly occurring alcohols. The proposed method was evaluated by carrying out replicate ethylene glycol determinations on fortified whole blood samples at the levels of 12.5 mM, 20.0 mM, 31.2 mM, 100 mM and 200 mM comparable to commonly reported blood levels in intoxications. Mean recoveries of between 84.8% and 107% were obtained with coefficients of variation of between 1.7% and 5.8%. These data suggest that the method holds promise for applications in toxicology, where a rapid, reliable method to confirm ethylene glycol poisoning is required

Recurring patterns in stationary intervals of abdominal uterine electromyograms during gestation

Abdominal uterine electromyograms (uEMG) studies have focused on uterine contractions to describe the evolution of uterine activity and preterm birth (PTB) prediction. Stationary, non-contracting uEMG has not been studied. The aim of the study was to investigate the recurring patterns in stationary uEMG, their relationship with gestation age and PTB, and PTB predictivity. A public database of 300 (38 PTB) three-channel (S1-S3) uEMG recordings of 30 min, collected between 22 and 35 weeks' gestation, was used. Motion and labour contraction-free intervals in uEMG were identified as 5-min weak-sense stationarity intervals in 268 (34 PTB) recordings. Sample entropy (SampEn), percentage recurrence (PR), percentage determinism (PD), entropy (ER), and maximum length (L MAX) of recurrence were calculated and analysed according to the time to delivery and PTB. Random time series were generated by random shuffle (RS) of actual data. Recurrence was present in actual data (p<0.001) but not RS. In S3, PR (p<0.005), PD (p<0.01), ER (p<0.005), and L MAX (p<0.05) were higher, and SampEn lower (p<0.005) in PTB. Recurrence indices increased (all p<0.001) and SampEn decreased (p<0.01) with decreasing time to delivery, suggesting increasingly regular and recurring patterns with gestation progression. All indices predicted PTB with AUC≥0.62 (p<0.05). Recurring patterns in stationary non-contracting uEMG were associated with time to delivery but were relatively poor predictors of PTB

Response to comment on "solid recovered fuel: Materials flow analysis and fuel property development during the mechanical processing of biodried waste"

Laner and Cencic1 comment on Velis et al. (2013)2 clarifying certain points on the use of the material flow analysis (MFA) software STAN3. We welcome the correspondence and the opportunity this exchange provides to discuss optimal approaches to using STAN. In keeping with Velis et al.2 these physically impossible, and otherwise insignificant, negative flows have enabled improvements to STAN. Here, we elaborate on the practicalities of using STAN in our research and on the correctness and validation of our results, notwithstanding the inclusion of negative flows. We explain the contribution of our approach to solid waste management and resource recovery

The introduction of a fetal ultrasound telemedicine service: quality outcomes and family costs

Introduction: The complexity of fetal medicine (FM) referrals that can be managed in a district general hospital (DGH) is dependent on the availability of specialist ultrasound expertise. Telemedicine can effectively transfer real-time ultrasound images via video-conferencing. We report the successful introduction of a fetal ultrasound telemedicine service. Methods: All women referred for FM consultation from the linked DGH were seen via a weekly telemedicine service, excluding cases where invasive testing was anticipated. Image and audio quality were rated (using a 5 point scale) following each consultation. Women referred for their first appointment were asked to complete a questionnaire following the consultation. Figures presented are median [range]. Results: 80 women had a telemedicine consultation between October 2015 and September 2016. 37 cases were new referrals because of fetal anomaly (n = 17), exclusion of abnormal placental invasion (n = 11), small-for-gestational-age (n = 7) and prior history of fetal anomaly (n = 2) and 43 cases were follow-up consultations. Median gestation was 29 [13–36] weeks. Image quality was of sufficient quality to achieve the aims of the consultation in 79 cases with an image score of 4 [3–5] and audio score of 5 [3–5]. Journey to the telemedicine consultation was 20 [4–150] minutes in comparison to an estimated journey time of 238 [120–450] minutes to the FM centre. Estimated family costs for attendance at the FM centre were £95 [20–555]. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that a fetal ultrasound telemedicine service can be successfully introduced and used to provide high quality consultations

Unemployment and Midlife Suicide Rates in Australia 2001-2015: Implications During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The world is experiencing a massive economic shock from the COVID-19 pandemic. Resulting unemployment and socioeconomic disruption have the potential to lead to a major upswing in the population rate of suicide in Europe and elsewhere. We assessed the association between midlife suicide rates and unemployment for Australia. For the midlife group we found a rapid decrease in the rate from 1970s to 1980s, but a more apparent increase after 2007. The increased male suicide rate coincided with the 2008 global financial crisis. The relationship between worsening employment outcomes, including suicide, is a great tragedy and deserves urgent further investigation

Assessing wellbeing at school entry using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: professional perspectives

<p>Background: Emotional and behavioural disorders in early childhood are related to poorer academic attainment and school engagement, and difficulties already evident at the point of starting school can affect a child’s later social and academic development. Successful transfer from pre-school settings to primary education is helped by communication between pre-school staff and primary school teachers. Typically, in Scotland, pre-school establishments prepare individual profiles of children before they start school around the age of five years, highlighting their strengths and development needs, for transfer to primary schools. There is, however, no consistent approach to the identification of potential social, emotional and behavioural problems. In 2010, in one local authority area in Scotland, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was introduced for children about to start school as a routine, structured, component of the transition process to help teachers plan support arrangements for classes and individual children. The SDQ assesses emotional, conduct, hyperactivity/ inattention and peer-relationship problems as well as pro-social behaviour. In order to be an effective means of communicating social and emotional functioning, the use of instruments such as the SDQ needs to be practicable. Finding out the views of pre-school education staff with experience of assessing children using the SDQ was, therefore, essential to establish its future utility.</p> <p>Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the views of pre-school education staff about assessing social and emotional wellbeing of children at school entry using the SDQ. The objectives were to examine the opinions of pre-school workers about completing the SDQ and to elicit their thoughts on the value of doing this and their perceptions of the usefulness of the information collected.</p> <p>Method: Pre-school establishments were approached using a purposive sampling strategy in order to achieve a mix of local authority (n=14) and ‘partnership’ establishments (n=8) as well as different socio-economic areas. Semi-structured interviews (n=25) were conducted with pre-school head teachers (n=14) and child development officers (n=11) in order to explore the process of completing the SDQ along with perceptions of its value. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.</p> <p>Results: In general, staff in pre-school establishments viewed the use of the SDQ positively. It was seen as a chance to highlight the social and emotional development of children rather than just their academic or educational ability. Most felt that the SDQ had not identified anything they did not already know about a child. A minority, nevertheless, suggested that a previously unrecognised potential difficulty was brought to light, most commonly emotional problems. Completing the SDQ was felt to be relatively straightforward even though the staff felt under pressure from competing priorities. Concerns were, however, raised about the potential of labelling a child at an early stage of formal education.</p> <p>Conclusion: The findings from this small scale study suggest that, from the point of view of pre-school education staff, it is feasible to assess children systematically for social and behavioural problems as part of the routine transition process at school entry.</p&gt

Understanding Schools and Schooling. (Book Review)

A review of a book written by Clive Chitty (2002 with a useful focus on issues of equity and social justice, including prejudice, discrimination and bullying in secondary schools. Education policy makers need to explore the extent to which it is important to produce interested, motivated and socially balanced young adults. It is well researched and documented

Change in level of physical activity during pregnancy in obese women: findings from the UPBEAT pilot trial

Background: Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes. Physical activity (PA) might improve glucose metabolism and reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore patterns of PA and factors associated with change in PA in obese pregnant women. Methods: PA was assessed objectively by accelerometer at 16 – 18 weeks’ (T0), 27 – 28 weeks’ (T1) and 35 – 36 weeks’ gestation (T2) in 183 obese pregnant women recruited to a pilot randomised trial of a combined diet and PA intervention (the UPBEAT study). Results: Valid PA data were available for 140 (77%), 76 (42%) and 54 (30%) women at T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Moderate and vigorous physical activity as a proportion of accelerometer wear time declined with gestation from a median of 4.8% at T0 to 3% at T2 (p < 0.05). Total activity as a proportion of accelerometer wear time did not change. Being more active in early pregnancy was associated with a higher level of PA later in pregnancy. The intervention had no effect on PA. Conclusions: PA in early pregnancy was the factor most strongly associated with PA at later gestations. Women should be encouraged to participate in PA before becoming pregnant and to maintain their activity levels during pregnancy. There is a need for effective interventions, tailored to the needs of individuals and delivered early in pregnancy to support obese women to be sufficiently active during pregnancy. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN89971375 (Registered 28/11/2008)

How is high quality research evidence used in everyday decisions about induction of labour between pregnant women and maternity care professionals? An exploratory study

Objective : To explore the use of high quality research evidence in women's and maternity care professionals’ decisions about induction of labour (IOL). Methods : a qualitative study underpinned by a social constructionist framework, using semi-structured interviews and generative thematic analysis. Setting : a large tertiary referral maternity unit in northern England in 2013/14. Participants : 22 randomly selected health care professionals involved in maternity care (midwives, obstetricians, maternity service managers), and 16 postnatal women, 3-8 weeks post-delivery, who were offered IOL in their most recent pregnancy. Findings : Three themes were identified in the data; (1) the value of different forms of knowledge, (2) accessing and sharing knowledge, and (3) constrained pathways and default choices. Findings echo other evidence in suggesting that women do not feel informed about IOL or that they have choices about the procedure. This study illuminates potential explanatory factors by considering the complex context within which IOL is discussed and offered (e.g. presentation of IOL as routine rather than a choice, care pathways that make declining IOL appear undesirable, blanket use of clinical guidelines without consideration of individual circumstances and preferences). Key conclusions : This study suggests that organisational, social, and professional factors conspire towards a culture where (a) IOL has become understood as a routine part of maternity care rather than an intervention to make an informed choice about, (b) several factors contribute to demotivate women and health care practitioners from seeking to understand the evidence base regarding induction, and (c) health care professionals can find themselves ill-equipped to discuss the relative risks and benefits of IOL and its alternatives. Implications for practice : It is important that IOL is recognised as an optional intervention and is not presented to women as a routine part of maternity care. When IOL is offered it should be accompanied by an evidence informed discussion about the options available to support informed decision making. Health care professionals should be supported to understand the evidence base and our findings suggest that any attempt to facilitate this needs to acknowledge and tackle complex organisational, social and professional influences that contribute to current care practices