BORROWING BEHAVIOR UNDER FINANCIAL STRESS BY THE PROPRIETARY FIRM: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

This paper extends finance theory under risk to account for borrowing behavior under financial stress conditions. As the financial stress level for the firm increases, the role of credit or unused borrowing capacity changes. With a strong equity position, credit is valued as a reserve to avoid liquidation costs resulting from the sale of fixed assets to meet cash flow obligations. As the financial stress on the firm increases the model demonstrates the firmÂ’s willingness to reduce credit reserves and increase its financial leverage in order to increase its probability of survival. These results are derived in a tractable framework by describing risky alternatives in terms of expected values and variances.Financial Economics,

Simulating Gender Stratification

The simulation of promotional competitions in corporations described herein allows comparisons of suggested reasons for the paucity of women in the highest level of corporate management. Runs with small, medium and large-sized companies all give similar results. The strongest effect is evidenced when men are given a bonus in performance evaluations. Similar stratification is observed when men's scores are drawn from a distribution with increased variance. Other explanations (increased female attrition, career delays for women, line-staff divisions, and external labor market) do not, by themselves produce strong gender stratification, but could add to that produced by biased evaluations.Glass Ceiling, Gender Stratification, Promotion, Performance Evaluation Bias, Computer Simulation

Distribution, Natural History Aspects, and Status of the Arkansas Endemic Crayfish, Fallicambarus harpi Hobbs and Robinson, 1985

Recent fieldwork in west central Arkansas has revealed the Arkansas endemic crayfish, Fallicambarus harpi Hobbs and Robison, to be more abundant than formerly believed. New localities and county records are provided in addition to information on the habitat preferences, sex ratio, color variation, reproductive biology, and conservation status of this burrowing crayfish

The health, well-being and future opportunities of young carers:a population approach

Objectives: There is a lack of evidence on the health-related impacts of being a young carer. This article takes a population approach to young carer research specifically to investigate the prevalence of young carers and explore differences in their health, well-being and future expectations. Study design: This is a cross-sectional regression analysis. Methods: Secondary analysis of a representative Scottish secondary school survey was undertaken. Pupils with caring responsibilities were identified, and their outcomes in terms of physical and mental health and postschool expectations were analysed. Results: Almost one in eight (12%) surveyed reported caring for someone in the household. Young carers' physical and mental health and psychosocial outcomes were significantly poorer, and they were significantly less likely to see themselves entering further or higher education. Conclusion: This research suggests that Glasgow could have many more young carers than previously thought and provides clear evidence that young people's outcomes are influenced by carer status

Extreme Makeover: Fern Edition

With a few exceptions, all plants have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants. Interestingly, chloroplasts have their own genome -- called a plastome -- which is separate from the nuclear genome. The genetic composition of ferns, gymnosperm, and angiosperm plastomes are remarkably similar, revealing very little change over evolutionary time. There are however a few notable exceptions to the apparent stability of the plastome. A few lineages of both angiosperm and gymnosperm show dramatically higher rates of mutation and genetic rearrangement than those of their relatives, suggesting major genome destabilization. Vittariods are a group of ferns that live on the trunks and in the branches of trees in forests. Vittariods are so unique among ferns in structure and life cycle that they have long been thought to be their own family, but recent genetic research has shown they reside within the genus Adiantum. Vittariods bear little resemblance to their closest relatives and appear to have quite rapidly diverged from them

Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah

24 p., 15 fig.http://paleo.ku.edu/contributions.htm

Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions

It has been over a decade since the publication of Robison and Allen (1995) that provided the definitive list of endemic flora and fauna of Arkansas. The present study brings up-to-date the endemic biota of the state. Since 1995, several new species have been described and new discoveries have been made, adding species to the state biota. Other species are deleted and new distributional information on other state endemics is presented. Specifically, 3 new plant species are added to the state list while 4 plant species are deleted. Sixteen new animal species/subspecies are added to the state list while numerous species are deleted. These changes bring to 110 (10 species of plants and 100 species/subspecies of animals) the total number of Arkansas state endemic plants and animals presently known, which represents a decrease by 7 species from the 117 species reported in 1995

Parasites of the Spotted Sucker, Minytrema melanops (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) from Arkansas and Oklahoma

During October 2015, March and April 2016 and again between March and April 2017, 15 Spotted Sucker (Minytrema melanops) were collected from sites in the Ouachita (n = 5), Red (n = 1), and St. Francis (n = 5) river drainages, Arkansas, and the Arkansas River drainage, Oklahoma (n = 4), and examined for protozoan and metazoan parasites. Found were Calyptospora sp., Myxobolus sp., Pseudomurraytrema alabarrum, Biacetabulum banghami, Penarchigetes oklensis, and Acanthocephalus sp. New host and distributional records are documented for these parasites

Current frameworks for reference ET and crop coefficient calculation

Estimation of evapotranspiration is under continual development and evolution, with significant developments and standardizations made during the past three decades for both reference ET (ETref) and for crop coefficients (Kc). These standardizations provide consistency and reproducibility in estimating ETref and a consistent basis for determining and expressing Kc curves, especially at the local scale. The application of the dual Kc procedure is growing, and has strong potential for improving accuracy of ET estimates as compared to the single Kc approach. This article describes current structures for estimating crop coefficients including the standardized FAO-56 dual Kc approach, with example applications. Emphasis is placed on estimation of parameters and special cases to be considered. Newer bases for establishing Kcb curves include thermal units and vegetation indices