XPS analiza biomaterijala primjenom nove metode kompenzacije naboja

The major problem in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of polymeric and other insulating materials is that of ``charge neutralisation\u27\u27 or `` charge compensation\u27\u27. Due to variable potentials on the surface of the investigated specimen broadening of peaks, or even multiple peaks, are observed. Various methods are applied to achieve the charge compensation. The AXIS series of instruments provide a secure and reliable charge compensation method, which uses the characteristic properties of the magnetic lens. The system enables confident determination and use of small binding energy shifts in both spectroscopy and imaging.Važan problem rentgenske fotoelektronske spektroskopije polimera i drugih izolatora je neutralizacija naboja. Zbog promjenjivih potencijala na površini ispitivanog uzorka javlja se širenje vrhova pa i višestruki vrhovi. Niz uređaja AXIS pružaju sigurnu metodu kompenzacije naboja primjenom magnetske leće. Sustav omogućuje pouzdano određivanje malih energijskih pomaka u spektroskopiji i snimanju površina

XPS analiza biomaterijala primjenom nove metode kompenzacije naboja

The major problem in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of polymeric and other insulating materials is that of ``charge neutralisation\u27\u27 or `` charge compensation\u27\u27. Due to variable potentials on the surface of the investigated specimen broadening of peaks, or even multiple peaks, are observed. Various methods are applied to achieve the charge compensation. The AXIS series of instruments provide a secure and reliable charge compensation method, which uses the characteristic properties of the magnetic lens. The system enables confident determination and use of small binding energy shifts in both spectroscopy and imaging.Važan problem rentgenske fotoelektronske spektroskopije polimera i drugih izolatora je neutralizacija naboja. Zbog promjenjivih potencijala na površini ispitivanog uzorka javlja se širenje vrhova pa i višestruki vrhovi. Niz uređaja AXIS pružaju sigurnu metodu kompenzacije naboja primjenom magnetske leće. Sustav omogućuje pouzdano određivanje malih energijskih pomaka u spektroskopiji i snimanju površina

Discrete Data Assimilation in the Lorenz and 2D Navier--Stokes Equations

Consider a continuous dynamical system for which partial information about its current state is observed at a sequence of discrete times. Discrete data assimilation inserts these observational measurements of the reference dynamical system into an approximate solution by means of an impulsive forcing. In this way the approximating solution is coupled to the reference solution at a discrete sequence of points in time. This paper studies discrete data assimilation for the Lorenz equations and the incompressible two-dimensional Navier--Stokes equations. In both cases we obtain bounds on the time interval h between subsequent observations which guarantee the convergence of the approximating solution obtained by discrete data assimilation to the reference solution

Sulfur Hazes in Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres: Impacts on Reflected Light Spectra

Recent work has shown that sulfur hazes may arise in the atmospheres of some giant exoplanets, due to the photolysis of H_2S. We investigate the impact such a haze would have on an exoplanet's geometric albedo spectrum and how it may affect the direct imaging results of the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), a planned NASA space telescope. For temperate (250 K < T_(eq) < 700 K) Jupiter-mass planets, photochemical destruction of H_2S results in the production of ~1 ppmv of S_8 between 100 and 0.1 mbar, which, if cool enough, will condense to form a haze. Nominal haze masses are found to drastically alter a planet's geometric albedo spectrum: whereas a clear atmosphere is dark at wavelengths between 0.5 and 1 μm, due to molecular absorption, the addition of a sulfur haze boosts the albedo there to ~0.7, due to scattering. Strong absorption by the haze shortward of 0.4 μm results in albedos <0.1, in contrast to the high albedos produced by Rayleigh scattering in a clear atmosphere. As a result, the color of the planet shifts from blue to orange. The existence of a sulfur haze masks the molecular signatures of methane and water, thereby complicating the characterization of atmospheric composition. Detection of such a haze by WFIRST is possible, though discriminating between a sulfur haze and any other highly reflective, high-altitude scatterer will require observations shortward of 0.4 μm, which is currently beyond WFIRST's design

Training Practices of Academy Rugby League and their alignment to Physical Qualities deemed important for Current and Future Performance

This study aimed to investigate rugby league coaches’ perceptions of physical qualities for current and future performance, while also establishing the training practices of Under-16 and Under-19 players. Twenty-four practitioners (rugby coach, strength and conditioning coach) working within nine Super League clubs completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire required practitioners to rank eleven physical qualities (i.e., strength, power, acceleration, maximum speed, aerobic endurance, change of direction, agility, height, body mass, lean mass and fat mass) by importance for current performance, future performance and career longevity according to playing position (forwards, backs, hookers & halves). Practitioners were asked to provide detail on the frequency and duration of each type of training session completed during a typical week throughout each phase of the season; pre-season, in-season (early), in-season (mid), and in-season (late). Typically, practitioners ranked strength, power and acceleration qualities highest, and endurance and anthropometric qualities lowest. The importance of physical qualities varied according to each playing level and position. Training practices of U16 and U19 players differed during each phase of the season, with U19 players undertaking greater training volumes than U16s players. Overall, the physical qualities coaches perceived as most important were not reflected within their training practices. Rugby league practitioners can use this information as a reference source to design long term athletic development plans, prescribe training and during player development procedures. Moreover, these data can inform and improve training practices while influencing the design of pre-season preparatory phases and in-season periods

Caltech Faint Galaxy Redshift Survey X: A Redshift Survey in the Region of the Hubble Deep Field North

A redshift survey has been carried out in the region of the Hubble Deep Field North using the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph at the Keck Observatory. The resulting redshift catalog, which contains 671 entries, is a compendium of our own data together with published LRIS/Keck data. It is more than 92% complete for objects, irrespective of morphology, to $R = 24$ mag in the HDF itself and to $R = 23$ mag in the Flanking Fields within a diameter of 8 arcmin centered on the HDF, an unusually high completion for a magnitude limited survey performed with a large telescope. A median redshift $z = 1.0$ is reached at $R \sim 23.8$. Strong peaks in the redshift distribution, which arise when a group or poor cluster of galaxies intersect the area surveyed, can be identified to $z \sim 1.2$ in this dataset. More than 68% of the galaxies are members of these redshift peaks. In a few cases, closely spaced peaks in $z$ can be resolved into separate groups of galaxies that can be distinguished in both velocity and location on the sky. The radial separation of these peaks in the pencil-beam survey is consistent with a characteristic length scale for the their separation of $\approx$70 Mpc in our adopted cosmology ($h = 0.6, \Omega_M = 0.3$, $\Lambda = 0$). Strong galaxy clustering is in evidence at all epochs back to $z \le 1.1$. (abstract abridged)Comment: Accepted to the ApJ. This version contains all the figures and tables. 2 minor typos in table 2b correcte

Advancing Equity In The Pandemic Treaty

There is a broad consensus around equity’s importance. Even countries that hoarded supplies during the acute phase of COVID-19 seem to understand that the international community must find a means to ensure fairer allocation of medical resources when the next health crisis hits. But there has been little agreement about the concrete steps needed to operationalize fairer access and benefit sharing. That is, what are the workable mechanisms that could reduce the divide between richer and poorer populations? The World Health Assembly, the governing body of the World Health Organization, has appointed an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body to develop a pandemic convention, agreement, or other instrument under the WHO constitution. The February 2023 draft is designed “to achieve greater equity … through the fullest national and international cooperation.” It is important that the negotiators develop specific, measurable metrics that directly impact equity. The mechanisms and metrics agreed upon should allow the public to evaluate whether a more equitable system is emerging through this new regime. Equity won’t just happen. We need to plan and prepare for equity, and we need international norms with which nations must comply to achieve the fairness we strive for

Colitis Induced Microvascular Leak Triggers Colonic Dysmotility

Graduate Basi

Increased Cell–Cell Coupling Increases Infarct Size and Does not Decrease Incidence of Ventricular Tachycardia in Mice

Increasing connexin43 (Cx43) gap junctional conductance as a means to improve cardiac conduction has been proposed as a novel antiarrhythmic modality. Yet, transmission of molecules via gap junctions may be associated with increased infarct size. To determine whether maintaining open gap junction channels impacts on infarct size and induction of ventricular tachycardia (VT) following coronary occlusion, we expressed the pH- and voltage-independent connexin isoform connexin32 (Cx32) in ventricle and confirmed Cx32 expression. Wild-type (WT) mice injected with adenovirus-Cx32 (Cx32inj) were examined following coronary occlusion to determine infarct size and inducibility of VT. There was an increased infarct size in Cx32inj hearts as compared to WT (WT 22.9 ± 4%; Cx32inj 44.3 ± 5%; p < 0.05). Programmed electrical stimulation showed no difference in VT inducibility in WT and Cx32inj mice (VT was reproducibly inducible in 55% of shams and 50% of Cx32inj mice (p > 0.05). Following coronary occlusion, improving cell–cell communication increased infarct size, and conferred no antiarrhythmic benefit