The Iron in the Posthole: Witchcraft, Women’s Labor, and Spanish Folk Ritual at the Berry Site

Apotropaic devices—folk ritual objects and deposits intended to ward away witchcraft or ensorcellment—were often deliberately concealed near the vulnerable parts of a structure (doors, windows, hearths, and chimneys). Because such devices typically consisted of otherwise mundane materials, they can be difficult to identify in archaeological deposits. It is the unusual context of the deposit that alerts us to the potential of its apotropaic meaning and intent. Here, I discuss the social and spatial contexts of an iron jack plate fragment concealed near the doorway of a Spanish colonial kitchen at the Berry site. Berry, located in present‐day western North Carolina, was the site of Fort San Juan de Joara (1566–1568), the first European settlement in the interior of what is now the United States. Recognizing the iron jack plate fragment as a potential apotropaic device opens a window onto Spanish male anxieties about women’s labor, especially the domestic labor associated with food. Spaniards and other Europeans believed that “wild” women regularly used ensorcelled food to entrap or punish male victims. Nowhere were fears of ensorcelled food more pronounced than along the frontiers of colonial America, where indigenous women usually prepared meals for Spanish men as wives, servants, and concubines. [colonialism, witchcraft, gender, food, folk ritual, the Berry site, colonial America]RESUMENLos objetos apotropaicos—objetos y depósitos rituales populares con el propósito de protegerse contra hechicería o encantamiento—fueron a menudo deliberadamente ocultos cerca de las partes vulnerables de una estructura (puertas, ventanas, fosos del fuego, y chimeneas). Desde que tales objetos típicamente consistieron de materiales por lo demás mundanos, pueden ser difíciles de identificar en depósitos arqueológicos. Es el contexto inusual del depósito lo que nos alerta del potencial de su significado e intento apotropaico. Aquí, discuto los contextos sociales y espaciales de un fragmento de una placa de hierro de una armadura oculto cerca de la entrada de una cocina colonial española en el sitio Berry. Berry, ubicado en la parte Oeste de la actual Carolina del Norte, fue el sitio del Fuerte San Juan de Joara (1566–1568), el primer asentamiento europeo en el interior de lo que es ahora los Estados Unidos. Reconociendo el fragmento de la placa de hierro de una armadura como un potencial objeto apotropaico abre una ventana hacia las ansiedades de los hombres españoles acerca del trabajo de la mujer, especialmente el trabajo doméstico asociado con la comida. Los españoles y otros europeos creyeron que las mujeres “salvajes” regularmente usaban comida “encantada” para atrapar o castigar a las victimas hombres. En ninguna parte fueron los miedos de comida encantada más pronunciados que a lo largo de la frontera de la América colonial, donde mujeres indígenas usualmente prepararon alimentos para los hombres españoles como esposas, sirvientas, y concubinas. [colonialismo, brujería, género, comida, ritual popular, el sitio Berry, América colonial]Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134179/1/aman12604.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134179/2/aman12604_am.pd

Arc Jet Testing

This course will cover an overview of the Entry Systems and Technology Division (TS) at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) and descriptions of the extensive arc jet testing complex managed within the branch. After a quick look at the Earth and Planetary Entry projects supported by TS, along with the inventions and software developed within the division, a description of the entry environments to which thermal protection systems (TPS) are exposed will be discussed. The question of "How do we insure TPS survival?" will be answered with descriptions of the various test facilities across the agency and beyond and their applicability. The Ames Arc Jet Complex will then be described, starting with how an arc heater works, adding in the associated infrastructure required to run an arc heater, and the capabilities of each of the test tunnels. Finally, examples of TPS test articles will round out the course

6 Political Economy and the Routinization of Religious Movements: A View from the Eastern Woodlands

Max Weber's concept of routinization offers a useful framework for understanding the relationship between political economy and the organization of religious movements. Here, we apply this concept to a comparison of Hopewell and Mississippian, two of the most important religious movements in the precolonial Eastern Woodlands. We focus on two archaeological contexts in particular—Mound 25 at the Hopewell site and Mound C at Etowah—to illustrate how Weber's concept allows for a more nuanced comparison than concepts associated with a more traditional neoevolutionary logic.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91128/1/j.1551-8248.2012.01038.x.pd

Vacuum Infusion Process Development for Conformal Ablative Thermal Protection System Materials

Conformal ablators are low density composite materials comprised of a flexible carbon felt based fibrous substrate and a high surface area phenolic matrix. These materials are fabricated to near net shape by molding the substrate, placing in a rigid matched mold and infusing with liquid resin through a vacuum assisted process. The open mold process, originally developed for older rigid substrate ablators, such as PICA, wastes a substantial amount of resin. In this work, a vacuum infusion process a type of liquid composite molding where resin is directly injected into a closed mold under vacuum is advanced for conformal ablators. The process reduces waste over the state-of-the-art technique. Small, flat samples of Conformal Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator are infused using the new approach and subjected to a range of curing configurations and conditions. Resulting materials are inspected for quality and compared to material produced using the standard process. Lessons learned inform subsequent plans for process scale up

InSight Aerothermal Environment Assessment

The Mars Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft, which successfully touched down on the planet surface on November 26, 2018, was proposed as a near build-to-print copy of the Mars Phoenix vehicle to reduce the overall cost and risk of the mission. Since the lander payload and the atmospheric entry trajectory were similar enough to those of the Phoenix mission, it was expected that the Phoenix thermal protection material thickness would be sufficient to withstand the entry heat load. However, allowances were made for increasing the heatshield thickness because the planned spacecraft arrival date coincided with the Mars dust storm season. The aftbody Thermal Protection System (TPS) components were not expected to change. In a first for a US Mars mission, the aerothermal environments for InSight included estimates of radiative heat flux to the aftbody from the wake. The combined convective and radiative heat fluxes were used to determine if the as-flown Phoenix thermal protection system (TPS) design would be sufficient for InSight. Although the radiative heat fluxes on the aftbody were predicted to be comparable to, or even higher than the local convective heat fluxes, all analyses of the aftbody TPS showed that the design would still be adequate. Aerothermal environments were computed for the vehicle from post-flight reconstruction of the atmosphere and trajectory and compared with the design environments. These comparisons showed that the predicted as-flown conditions were less severe than the design conditions

Testing of Candidate Rigid Heatshield Materials at LHMEL for the Entry, Descent, and Landing Technology Development Project

The material testing results described in this paper were part of a material development program of vendor-supplied, proposed heat shield materials. The goal of this program was to develop low density, rigid material systems with an appreciable weight savings over phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator (PICA) while improving material response performance. New technologies, such as PICA-like materials in honeycomb or materials with variable density through-the-thickness were tested. The material testing took place at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Laser Hardened Materials Laboratory (LHMEL) using a 10.6 micron CO2 laser operating with the test articles immersed in a nitrogen-gas environment at 1 atmosphere pressure. Test measurements included thermocouple readings of in-depth temperatures, pyrometer readings of surface temperatures, weight scale readings of mass loss, and sectioned-sample readings of char depth. Two laser exposures were applied. The first exposure was at an irradiance of 450 W/cm2 for 50 or 60 seconds to simulate an aerocapture maneuver. The second laser exposure was at an irradiance of 115 W/cm2 for 100 seconds to simulate a planetary entry. Results from Rounds 1 and 2 of these screening tests are summarized

Arc Jet Testing: A Short Course

This course will cover an overview of the Entry Systems and Technology Division (TS) at NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) and descriptions of the extensive arc jet testing complex managed within the branch. After a quick look at the Earth and Planetary Entry projects supported by TS, along with the inventions and software developed within the division, a description of the entry environments to which thermal protection systems (TPS) are exposed will be discussed. The question of "How do we insure TPS survival?" will be answered with descriptions of the various test facilities across the agency and beyond and their applicability. The Ames Arc Jet Complex will then be described, starting with how an arc heater works, adding in the associated infrastructure required to run an arc heater, and the capabilities of each of the test tunnels. Finally, examples of TPS test articles will round out the course

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems Fundamentals

This is a presentation of the fundamentals of ablative TPS materials for a short course at TFAWS 2017. It gives an overall description of what an ablator is, the equations that define it, and how to model it

Selecting a change and evaluating its impact on the performance of a complex adaptive health care delivery system

Complexity science suggests that our current health care delivery system acts as a complex adaptive system (CAS). Such systems represent a dynamic and flexible network of individuals who can coevolve with their ever changing environment. The CAS performance fluctuates and its members’ interactions continuously change over time in response to the stress generated by its surrounding environment. This paper will review the challenges of intervening and introducing a planned change into a complex adaptive health care delivery system. We explore the role of the “reflective adaptive process” in developing delivery interventions and suggest different evaluation methodologies to study the impact of such interventions on the performance of the entire system. We finally describe the implementation of a new program, the Aging Brain Care Medical Home as a case study of our proposed evaluation process

A Product Formula for the Normalized Volume of Free Sums of Lattice Polytopes

The free sum is a basic geometric operation among convex polytopes. This note focuses on the relationship between the normalized volume of the free sum and that of the summands. In particular, we show that the normalized volume of the free sum of full dimensional polytopes is precisely the product of the normalized volumes of the summands.Comment: Published in the proceedings of 2017 Southern Regional Algebra Conferenc