4,068 research outputs found
General Relativistic Three-Dimensional Multi-Group Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae
We report on a set of long-term general-relativistic three-dimensional (3D)
multi-group (energy-dependent) neutrino-radiation hydrodynamics simulations of
core-collapse supernovae. We employ a full 3D two-moment scheme with the local
M1 closure, three neutrino species, and 12 energy groups per species. With
this, we follow the post-core-bounce evolution of the core of a nonrotating
- progenitor in full unconstrained 3D and in octant symmetry for
. We find the development of an asymmetric runaway
explosion in our unconstrained simulation. We test the resolution dependence of
our results and, in agreement with previous work, find that low resolution
artificially aids explosion and leads to an earlier runaway expansion of the
shock. At low resolution, the octant and full 3D dynamics are qualitatively
very similar, but at high resolution, only the full 3D simulation exhibits the
onset of explosion.Comment: Accepted to Ap
Ambient toxicity of water samples from four locations in the Elizabeth River : a comparison of species sensitivities
In the present study, the objective was to evaluate four species for relative sensitivity when challenged with ambient water from four locations in the Elizabeth River, ranging from locations considered to be free of toxicity to an area known to have copper concentrations that exceeded water quality standards in past sampling
Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of the Upper York River, Virginia The Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers
This study describes the most extensive effort to characterize the chemistry, toxicology and community of the sediments of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers. This was accomplished using a study design modified to expand the number of stations occupied by reducing the cost of analyses by compositing replicate samples collected from each study site rather than performing toxicity tests on these samples individually. In previous studies, the variability in field replicate samples was equivalent to the variability in laboratory replicates. This design has long been used to analyze samples for various chemical contaminants as a cost savings endeavor. More ...
A Boolean Gene Regulatory Model of heterosis and speciation
Modelling genetic phenomena affecting biological traits is important for the
development of agriculture as it allows breeders to predict the potential of
breeding for certain traits. One such phenomenon is heterosis or hybrid vigor:
crossing individuals from genetically distinct populations often results in
improvements in quantitative traits, such as growth rate, biomass production
and stress resistance. Heterosis has become a very useful tool in global
agriculture, but its genetic basis remains controversial and its effects hard
to predict. We have taken a computational approach to studying heterosis,
developing a simulation of evolution, independent reassortment of alleles and
hybridization of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) in a Boolean framework.
Fitness is measured as the ability of a network to respond to external inputs
in a pre-defined way. Our model reproduced common experimental observations on
heterosis using only biologically justified parameters. Hybrid vigor was
observed and its extent was seen to increase as parental populations diverged,
up until a point of sudden collapse of hybrid fitness. We also reproduce, for
the first time in a model, the fact that hybrid vigor cannot easily be fixed by
within a breeding line, currently an important limitation of the use of hybrid
crops. The simulation allowed us to study the effects of three standard models
for the genetic basis of heterosis and the level of detail in our model allows
us to suggest possible warning signs of the impending collapse of hybrid vigor
in breeding. In addition, the simulation provides a framework that can be
extended to study other aspects of heterosis and alternative evolutionary
scenarios.Comment: See online version for supplementary materia
"Here's Looking at You, Kid": Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs in Entertainment Media
Reviews portrayals of substance use on television, in movies and in popular music, and makes recommendations for future research in these areas. Prepared for The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University
Chemical and toxicological characterization of the lower Mobjack Bay, York River, Virginia segment of the Chesapeake Bay
The Chesapeake Bay segment called Lower Mobjack Bay Lower York River Virginia was found to have insufficient data to characterize in 1999. Therefore this area was selected for a chemical, toxicological, benthic community characterization study of the sediments in 2002. The segment was divided into 3 strata: the lower York River, the Poquoson River, and Back River, each with 4 randomly selected stations. Samples were collected in October 2002 for evaluation of conditions.
There were few significant chemical exceedances of the ER-L or ER-M in the three strata and no toxicologically effects from exposure to sediment samples from any stratum. In contrast, the Poquoson and Back River strata showed consistent community degradation ranging from degraded to seriously degraded. The lack of chemical and toxicological impacts and the intensive residential land use makes it reasonable to conclude that the likely explanation for the degraded benthic community is eutrophication. There is not, however, confirmatory data for this interpretation
The Relationship between Tobacco Retailer Density and Neighborhood Demographics in Ohio
Introduction: Studies from various parts of the country suggest that tobacco-related health disparities are exacerbated by disparitiesin the distribution of tobacco retailers (convenience stores, tobacco shops, etc.). The purpose of the present study was to use advancedspatial modeling techniques for count data to estimate current disparities in tobacco retailer density in Ohio.Methods: We identified and geocoded 11,392 tobacco retailers in Ohio. Next, we obtained census tract-level information on race/ethnicity, poverty, and age and obtained county-level information on whether an area was Urban, Suburban, or Rural. Finally, we used negative binomial generalized linear models, adapted for residual spatial dependence, to determine the association between per capita tobacco retailer density and demographic characteristics—summarized by adjusted rate ratios.Results: There were more (from 1.4-1.9 times as many) retailers per capita in high-poverty vs. low-poverty tracts. Poverty also interacted with age: the association between high poverty and high retailer density was stronger for tracts with a low youth population. Density was also greater in tracts with a high (vs. low) prevalence of African Americans (1.1 times as many) and Hispanics (1.2 times as many). Finally, density was generally greater in rural (vs. suburban or urban) tracts, although the effect was modified by a three-way interaction: density was particularly high for rural tracts that also had both a high prevalence of poverty and a low youth population.Discussion: Overall, our findings indicate that Ohio’s vulnerable populations are exposed to a greater per capita density of tobaccoretailers. There is a need for state and local-level tobacco control policies that will improve equity and reduce health disparities
Metastable States in High Order Short-Range Spin Glasses
The mean number of metastable states in higher order short-range spin
glasses is estimated analytically using a variational method introduced by
Tanaka and Edwards for very large coordination numbers. For lattices with small
connectivities, numerical simulations do not show any significant dependence on
the relative positions of the interacting spins on the lattice, indicating thus
that these systems can be described by a few macroscopic parameters. As an
extremely anisotropic model we consider the low autocorrelated binary spin
model and we show through numerical simulations that its landscape has an
exceptionally large number of local optima
Modeling galactic halos with predominantly quintessential matter
This paper discusses a new model for galactic dark matter by combining an
anisotropic pressure field corresponding to normal matter and a quintessence
dark energy field having a characteristic parameter such that
. Stable stellar orbits together with an attractive
gravity exist only if is extremely close to , a result
consistent with the special case studied by Guzman et al. (2003). Less
exceptional forms of quintessence dark energy do not yield the desired stable
orbits and are therefore unsuitable for modeling dark matter.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur
Growth or decline in the Church of England during the decade of Evangelism: did the Churchmanship of the Bishop matter?
The Decade of Evangelism occupied the attention of the Church of England throughout the 1990s. The present study employs the statistics routinely published by the Church of England in order to assess two matters: the extent to which these statistics suggest that the 43 individual dioceses finished the decade in a stronger or weaker position than they had entered it and the extent to which, according to these statistics, the performance of dioceses led by bishops shaped in the Evangelical tradition differed from the performance of dioceses led by bishops shaped in the Catholic tradition. The data demonstrated that the majority of dioceses were performing less effectively at the end of the decade than at the beginning, in terms of a range of membership statistics, and that the rate of decline varied considerably from one diocese to another. The only exception to the trend was provided by the diocese of London, which experienced some growth. The data also demonstrated that little depended on the churchmanship of the diocesan bishop in shaping diocesan outcomes on the performance indicators employed in the study
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