Castiglione a Milano

The essay aims to deepen the relation between Baldassarre Castiglione and the city of Milan. The first paragraph deals with the period of study spent in the capital of the duchy, where the author of the Cortegiano, still a teenager, and guest of his uncle senator, was able to learn about the profession and the language of diplomacy and to meet important figures of the humanistic and artistic culture of the city, who will appear in the pages of the Dialogue. Based on some passages from his correspondence, the second paragraph recounts Baldassarre's travels to Milan on the occasion of various military and diplomatic missions. The third paragraph highlights the specific references to the city found in his letters. The last section provides a textual and linguistic perspective, examining the famous letter to Iacomo Boschetto of 8 October 1499, written on the occasion of the entry of the King of France to Milan. It is a precious description of a parade from which a layered lexicon emerges, with names of weapons, clothes, and styles, which shows the richness of the language and of the courtesan letters, a first Italian sectorial dictionary.   Il saggio vuole approfondire il rapporto tra Baldassarre Castiglione e Milano: un primo paragrafo tratta del periodo di studio trascorso nella capitale del ducato, dove l’autore del Cortegiano ancora adolescente, ospite dello zio senatore, ebbe modo di conoscere la professione e la lingua della diplomazia e di incontrare personaggi di rilievo della cultura umanistica e artistica della città, che compariranno nelle pagine del Dialogo. Il secondo paragrafo racconta attraverso alcuni brani dell’epistolario i viaggi di Baldassarre a Milano, in occasione di diverse missioni militari e diplomatiche; mentre il terzo riporta i riferimenti alla città reperibili nelle sue lettere. Infine, una prospettiva testuale e linguistica: viene presa in esame la celebre lettera a Iacomo Boschetto dell’8 ottobre 1499, scritta in occasione dell’entrate del re di Francia a Milano. Si tratta di una preziosa descrizione di una parata da cui emerge un lessico stratificato, con nomi di armi, vesti e fogge, che mostra la ricchezza della lingua e della epistolografia cortigiana, un primo vocabolario settoriale italiano.  

Il muro della lingua. Stranieri residenti e apprendimento dell’italiano avanzato a Perugia

The essay presents a research started in 2016 at the University for Foreigners of Perugia and dedicated to the learning of post-basic Italian by adult foreigners permanently residing in Perugia. The results of the survey will be published in a forthcoming volume entitled ‘Il muro della lingua: stranieri residenti e l'apprendimento dell'italiano avanzato’ (The language barrier: resident foreigners and advanced Italian learning).The first part addresses the issue of learning immigrants' identity, drawing on the definition of Straniero Residente proposed by Donatella Di Cesare. In the second part, I briefly describe the groups of informants and the structure of the questionnaire. The third section provides some examples and illustrates the methodological choices for the linguistics data analysis

Una proposta di criteri per l'edizione di carteggi rinascimentali italiani

The essay proposes transcription criteria to be used for Italian letters of the Renaissance period, and marshals a large number of texts to its purpose. The proposal rests on two recent events: the publication of all Baldassarre Castiglione’s letters (1790 texts, Einaudi, 2016) and, as part of a project with Daniela Ferrari, the development of criteria for the transcription of digital photos of the letters of Isabella d'Este, which are available on the "IDEA" platform (i.e. the Isabella D'Este Archive containing digital images of 15000 of her letters , now housed in the Gonzaga Archives of the State Archives of Mantua). The paper reflects on aspects of paper and digital publishing, and shows how a single method of textual interpretation can prove useful for academics from various fields of study. The paper also suggests some solutions for building a critical apparatus, an index and, especially, a glossary when producing a critical edition of these courtly sixteenth-century Italian texts whose wealth of vocabulary merits close lexicographical analysis and commentary.

Educazione linguistica di un giovane cortegiano, Camillo Castiglione

Camillo Castiglione, premier-né de Baldassarre, ayant perdu sa mère Ippolita Torelli à l’âge de trois ans, a grandi à Mantoue sous la garde de sa grand-mère Aloisia Gonzaga. Son père, presque toujours absent parce qu’il s’était engagé dans une intense activité diplomatique à Rome pour le compte de la famille Gonzague, prenait soin de l’enseignement à distance de l’enfant; dans ses lettres il donnait des instructions sur les précepteurs, sur les instituteurs, sur les moniteurs d’équitation et sur les vêtements du jeune Camillo. Dans cette correspondance apparaissent les traces, domestiques et pédagogiques, de la volonté poursuivie dans Il Libro del cortegiano de former un parfait courtisan dès les premières années de la vie: des conseils sur l’élégance du vêtement, la posture à cheval, le comportement dans les occasions officielles, et surtout sur l’éducation linguistique, l’apprentissage du grec et la bonne prononciation de la langue vernaculaire. Nous publions la première lettre connue de Camillo (15 avril 1524), exemple d’écriture enfantine, déjà influencée par la phonétique et la morphologie de la Toscane.Camillo Castiglione, Baldassarre’s firstborn son who lost his mother when he was only three years old, grew up in Mantua under the care of his grandmother Aloisia Gonzaga. His father, engaged almost full-time in relentless diplomatic activity in Rome on behalf of the Gonzaga family, undertook to educate the child from a distance, and through his correspondence he suggested tutors, teachers, riding instructors and clothes for the young Camillo. These letters reveal real traces, both domestic and pedagogical, of his desire as pursued in the Cortegiano to form a perfect courtier from the very earliest years of his life, as they offer advice on the elegance of one’s dress, the posture to be used on horseback, and the behavior to be adopted on official occasions, as well as advice on linguistic education, the importance of Greek and good pronunciation of the vernacular. This study includes the publication of Camillo’s first letter that has come down to us (1524, April 15), as an example of a child’s letter-writing style that can be seen to be already influenced by the phonetics and morphology of Tuscany

Educazione linguistica di un giovane cortegiano, Camillo Castiglione

Camillo Castiglione, premier-né de Baldassarre, ayant perdu sa mère Ippolita Torelli à l’âge de trois ans, a grandi à Mantoue sous la garde de sa grand-mère Aloisia Gonzaga. Son père, presque toujours absent parce qu’il s’était engagé dans une intense activité diplomatique à Rome pour le compte de la famille Gonzague, prenait soin de l’enseignement à distance de l’enfant; dans ses lettres il donnait des instructions sur les précepteurs, sur les instituteurs, sur les moniteurs d’équitation et sur les vêtements du jeune Camillo. Dans cette correspondance apparaissent les traces, domestiques et pédagogiques, de la volonté poursuivie dans Il Libro del cortegiano de former un parfait courtisan dès les premières années de la vie: des conseils sur l’élégance du vêtement, la posture à cheval, le comportement dans les occasions officielles, et surtout sur l’éducation linguistique, l’apprentissage du grec et la bonne prononciation de la langue vernaculaire. Nous publions la première lettre connue de Camillo (15 avril 1524), exemple d’écriture enfantine, déjà influencée par la phonétique et la morphologie de la Toscane.Camillo Castiglione, Baldassarre’s firstborn son who lost his mother when he was only three years old, grew up in Mantua under the care of his grandmother Aloisia Gonzaga. His father, engaged almost full-time in relentless diplomatic activity in Rome on behalf of the Gonzaga family, undertook to educate the child from a distance, and through his correspondence he suggested tutors, teachers, riding instructors and clothes for the young Camillo. These letters reveal real traces, both domestic and pedagogical, of his desire as pursued in the Cortegiano to form a perfect courtier from the very earliest years of his life, as they offer advice on the elegance of one’s dress, the posture to be used on horseback, and the behavior to be adopted on official occasions, as well as advice on linguistic education, the importance of Greek and good pronunciation of the vernacular. This study includes the publication of Camillo’s first letter that has come down to us (1524, April 15), as an example of a child’s letter-writing style that can be seen to be already influenced by the phonetics and morphology of Tuscany

Epistolari dal Due al Seicento. Modelli, questioni ecdotiche, edizioni, cantieri aperti (Gargnano del Garda, 29 settembre - 1° ottobre 2014)

Nei secoli passati, la lettera era l'unico mezzo di comunicazione: familiare, amichevole, d'ufficio o di servizio, ma anche strumento di dibattito politico e culturale. Lo studio degli epistolari dei singoli ma anche delle reti di comunicazione e di scambio è uno dei grandi temi della ricerca europea contemporanea. Vi si inserisce questo secondo volume dei "Quaderni di Gargnano", che - volgendosi sia alla produzione latina sia a quella volgare dal Due al Seicento - si sofferma su problemi metodologici e casi significativi, con impostazioni e tagli diversi: dall'ecdotica alla filologia, dall'archivistica, alla storia, alla storia delle discipline

Utilization of mechanical power and associations with clinical outcomes in brain injured patients: a secondary analysis of the extubation strategies in neuro-intensive care unit patients and associations with outcome (ENIO) trial

Background: There is insufficient evidence to guide ventilatory targets in acute brain injury (ABI). Recent studies have shown associations between mechanical power (MP) and mortality in critical care populations. We aimed to describe MP in ventilated patients with ABI, and evaluate associations between MP and clinical outcomes. Methods: In this preplanned, secondary analysis of a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study (ENIO, NCT03400904), we included adult patients with ABI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 12 before intubation) who required mechanical ventilation (MV) ≥ 24 h. Using multivariable log binomial regressions, we separately assessed associations between MP on hospital day (HD)1, HD3, HD7 and clinical outcomes: hospital mortality, need for reintubation, tracheostomy placement, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Results: We included 1217 patients (mean age 51.2 years [SD 18.1], 66% male, mean body mass index [BMI] 26.3 [SD 5.18]) hospitalized at 62 intensive care units in 18 countries. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 139), 44% (n = 536) were extubated by HD7 of which 20% (107/536) required reintubation, 28% (n = 340) underwent tracheostomy placement, and 9% (n = 114) developed ARDS. The median MP on HD1, HD3, and HD7 was 11.9 J/min [IQR 9.2-15.1], 13 J/min [IQR 10-17], and 14 J/min [IQR 11-20], respectively. MP was overall higher in patients with ARDS, especially those with higher ARDS severity. After controlling for same-day pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F ratio), BMI, and neurological severity, MP at HD1, HD3, and HD7 was independently associated with hospital mortality, reintubation and tracheostomy placement. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) was greater at higher MP, and strongest for: mortality on HD1 (compared to the HD1 median MP 11.9 J/min, aRR at 17 J/min was 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.30) and HD3 (1.38, 95% CI 1.23-1.53), reintubation on HD1 (1.64; 95% CI 1.57-1.72), and tracheostomy on HD7 (1.53; 95%CI 1.18-1.99). MP was associated with the development of moderate-severe ARDS on HD1 (2.07; 95% CI 1.56-2.78) and HD3 (1.76; 95% CI 1.41-2.22). Conclusions: Exposure to high MP during the first week of MV is associated with poor clinical outcomes in ABI, independent of P/F ratio and neurological severity. Potential benefits of optimizing ventilator settings to limit MP warrant further investigation

VARIANTI E VARIETÀ DI APPRENDIMENTO CONSERVATE NELL’ARCHIVIO STORICO DELL’UNIVERSITÀ PER STRANIERI DI PERUGIA

L’Archivio storico dell’Università per Stranieri di Perugia conserva un patrimonio documentario di enorme interesse: l’Ateneo negli ultimi anni si è pertanto impegnato nella sua valorizzazione, in particolare della serie “Esami” che raccoglie le prove scritte sostenute dagli studenti stranieri dal 1926 al 1987. Si tratta di un percorso attraverso testi di varietà di apprendimento in diacronia, con implicazioni di storia della glottodidattica di italiano L2. Il saggio intende presentare questi testi d’esame partendo dagli assunti teorici dell’analisi degli errori, proposti negli ultimi anni da Cecilia Andorno. A titolo d’esempio vengono analizzati e classificati gli errori di alcuni testi ed evidenziati gli aspetti sistematici dell’interlingua. Sono inoltre trascritte e analizzate le brutte copie di due prove, al fine di riconoscere l’officina dell’apprendente con le “varianti di apprendimento” richiamate nel titolo. Infine un accenno al corpus digitale che raccoglierà i testi d’esame perché possano essere interrogati in base alle categorie grammaticali e alle tipologie d’errore.   Variants and varieties of learning preserved in the historical archives of the University for Foreigners in Perugia The Historical Archive of the University for Foreigners in Perugia preserves a documentary heritage of enormous interest: the University has therefore undertaken its valorization over the last few years, particularly regarding the “Examinations” series, which collects written tests taken by foreign students from 1926 to 1987. It is a diachronic journey through learning variety texts, with insights into the history of Italian L2 teaching. The paper aims to introduce these examination texts from the theory of error analysis proposed in recent years by Cecilia Andorno. By way of example, errors in some texts are analyzed and classified and systematic aspects of interlanguage are highlighted. Draft copies of two tests are also transcribed and analyzed in order to recognize the learner’s approach with reference to the “learning variants” recalled in the title. Finally, mention is made of the digital corpus that will collect exam texts so that they can be analyzed according to grammatical categories and error types

Digitalizar el pasado: la Universidad para Extranjeros de Perugia y su patrimonio bibliográfico y archivístico

L'intervento intende mostrare il valore del patrimonio archivistico conservato dall'Università per stranieri di Perugia e le possibilità che la digitalizzazione offre per la conservazione e l'utilizzo di questa font