The academic plagiarism and its punishments - a review

Currently there is an increase in the occurrence of plagiarism in varied types of academic texts. Therefore, in agreement with the Brazilian Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) policies, Brazilian higher education institutions should establish guidelines for the detection and inhibition of academic plagiarism. However, the notion of plagiarism is extremely complex, since the ability of textual construction acquired during education is also developed using others' words. Thus, it is necessary to better know the concept of plagiarism and its implications, as well as the consequences of plagiarism and the punishments that may result from it. Consequently, rules and policies to be established will be better founded in order to address the problem of plagiarism in academic texts in a comprehensive and consistent way, not only to inhibit plagiarism but also to promote education on how is possible to create texts in an original fashion

Antibacterial modified diketopiperazines from two ascidians of the genus Didemnum

The chemical investigation of the crude extract of an ascidian of the genus Didemnumled to the isolation of the modified diketopiperazine rodriguesines A (1) and (2) as a mixture of homologues, which could be identified by analysis of spectroscopic data including MS/MS experiments. The investigation of a second Didemnumsp. led to the isolation of N-acetyl-rodriguesine A (3) and N-acetyl-rodriguesine B (4). The absolute configuration of compounds 1and 2could be established by hydrolysis and Marfey's analysis and comparison with literature data reported for compound 3, previously obtained as a synthetic product. The mixture of 1and 2displayed moderate antibiotic activity against a clinical isolate of Streptococcus mutansand against S. mutansUA159 and Staphylococcus aureusATCC6538.A investigação química do extrato bruto de uma ascidia do gênero Didemnumlevou ao isolamento das dicetopiperazinas modificadas rodriguesinas A (1) e B (2) na forma de uma mistura de homólogos, os quais puderam ser identificados pela análise de seus dados espectroscópicos inclusive experimentos MS/MS. A investigação de uma segunda ascídia do gênero Didemnumforneceu a N-acetil-rodriguesina A (3) e a N-acetil-rodriguesina B (4). A configuração absoluta dos compostos 1e 2pode ser estabelecida por hidrólise e análise de Marfey e por comparação com dados da literatura do composto 3,previamente obtido como produto de síntese. A mistura de 1e 2apresentou atividade antibiótica moderada contra um isolado clínico de Streptococcus mutans, contra S. mutans UA159 e S. aureusATCC6538.American Society of PharmacognosyFAPESP - BIOprospecTACoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FulbrightCNPqFAPES

Antibacterial modified diketopiperazines from two ascidians of the genus Didemnum

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The chemical investigation of the crude extract of an ascidian of the genus Didemnumled to the isolation of the modified diketopiperazine rodriguesines A (1) and (2) as a mixture of homologues, which could be identified by analysis of spectroscopic data including MS/MS experiments. The investigation of a second Didemnumsp. led to the isolation of N-acetyl-rodriguesine A (3) and N-acetyl-rodriguesine B (4). The absolute configuration of compounds 1and 2could be established by hydrolysis and Marfey's analysis and comparison with literature data reported for compound 3, previously obtained as a synthetic product. The mixture of 1and 2displayed moderate antibiotic activity against a clinical isolate of Streptococcus mutansand against S. mutansUA159 and Staphylococcus aureusATCC6538.A investigação química do extrato bruto de uma ascidia do gênero Didemnumlevou ao isolamento das dicetopiperazinas modificadas rodriguesinas A (1) e B (2) na forma de uma mistura de homólogos, os quais puderam ser identificados pela análise de seus dados espectroscópicos inclusive experimentos MS/MS. A investigação de uma segunda ascídia do gênero Didemnumforneceu a N-acetil-rodriguesina A (3) e a N-acetil-rodriguesina B (4). A configuração absoluta dos compostos 1e 2pode ser estabelecida por hidrólise e análise de Marfey e por comparação com dados da literatura do composto 3,previamente obtido como produto de síntese. A mistura de 1e 2apresentou atividade antibiótica moderada contra um isolado clínico de Streptococcus mutans, contra S. mutans UA159 e S. aureusATCC6538.204704711American Society of PharmacognosyFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)FulbrightConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNPq_BrasilFAPESP_BrasilCAPES_Brasi

Secondary metabolites from the sponges Aplysina fistularis and Dysidea sp. and the antituberculosis activity of 11-ketofistularin-3

The present investigation reports the isolation of aeroplysinin-2, 2-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)-N,N,N-trimethyletanamonium, 7,9-dibromo-10-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1-oxa-2-azaspiro[4.5]deca-2,6,8-trien-3-carboxylic acid and its methyl ester, 11-oxoaerothionin, aerothionin, 11-keto-12-hydroxyaerothionin, 11-ketofistularin-3 and fistularin-3 from Aplysina fistularis, as well as of furodysinin lactone and 9α,11α-epoxicholest-7-en-3β,5α,6α,10-tetrol-6-acetate from Dysidea sp. Although the extracts of both sponges displayed antituberculosis activity, only 11-ketofistularin-3 isolated from A. fistularis displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H34Rv, with MIC at 16 μg/mL and SI of 40, a result that reinforce that fistularin-3 derivatives are interesting leads for the development of antituberculosis drugs.American Society of Pharmacognosy FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)BIOTA/FAPESP - BIOprospecTAUSP - PIBIC/CNPqFAPES

Biosynthesis of two dihydropyrrole-polyketides from a marine-derived Penicillium citrinum

Feeding experiments with 13C-labeled precursors were performed in order to establish the biosynthesis of two N-acylated dihydropyrroles, (8E)-1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-2-methyldec8-ene-1,3-dione (1) and 1-(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-2-methyldecane-1,3-dione (2), isolated from the cultures of a marine-derived Penicillium citrinum. The biosynthesis of both, 1 and 2, involves the incorporation of acetate, methionine and ornithine

Diagnóstico da pesquisa em biodiversidade no Brasil

Biodiversity is a result of millions of years of biological evolution, and is the component of the system which supports life on our planet. Besides the intrinsic value of each species, all of them as a whole, as well as of the interactions among the species, and their interaction with the physical and chemical environment, result in ecosystem services vital for supporting life on Earth. Because of that, the science of biodiversity is largely recognized as a priority area of scientific investigation both in developed and developing countries. In Brazil, the research on biodiversity can be divided in three parts: 1) discovery and characterization of biodiversity - including marine and human-altered landscapes - systematics and taxonomy; 2) understanding the functioning of ecosystems and environmental services, including in marine and human-altered landscapes; 3) bioprospecting of the chemical diversity of the Brazilian biota.A biodiversidade resulta de milhões de anos de evolução biológica e é o componente do sistema de suporte à vida de nosso planeta. Além do valor intrínseco de cada espécie, seu conjunto, bem como o de interações entre espécies e destas com o meio físico-químico, resultam em serviços ecossistêmicos imprescindíveis para manter a vida na Terra. Sendo assim, a ciência da biodiversidade é amplamente reconhecida como área prioritária de investigação científica, tanto nos países desenvolvidos como naqueles em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, a pesquisa em biodiversidade pode ser dividida em três principais vertentes: 1) descoberta e caracterização da biodiversidade, inclusive marinha e em paisagens alteradas - sistemática e taxonomia; 2) compreensão do funcionamento de ecossistemas e serviços ambientais, inclusive marinhos e em paisagens alteradas; 3) bioprospecção da quimiodiversidade da biota brasileira