WISH LIST WILDERNESS ENDGAME IN THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST

In January 1979 Dave Foreman loosened his tie, propped his cowboy boots up on his desk, and brooded awhile on RARE II. In a second try at Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE), the u.s. Forest Service had just spent two years deciding once and for all how much of its undeveloped land should be designated Wilderness. To Foreman, a Washington executive of the Wilderness Society, RARE II tasted of bitter defeat, and he lonesomely popped the top on another Stroh\u27s as he brooded. The Forest Service had just recommended increasing its Wilderness acres from 18 million to 33 million, or about a sixth of its 190 million acres. Foreman wished for much more, and he regretted that conservationists like himself had been moderate in their demands and tactics. By 1980 a disgusted Foreman had loosened his tie all the way back to New Mexico, out of the Wilderness Society, and into Earth First!, a radical new environmental group that was best known for advocating sabotage of logging and construction projects. As Foreman told this story in his autobiography, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, RARE II was the last straw.

Review of \u3ci\u3eA Marvelous Hundred Square Miles: Black Hills Tourism, 1880-1941\u3c/i\u3e by Suzanne Barta Julin

Tourists, said Doane Robinson, the father of Mount Rushmore, soon get fed up on scenery. As car-based tourism exploded after World War I, South Dakotans believed the Black Hills needed not just pretty pines and streams, but a new layer of roadside attractions to bring in more tourists and keep them spending longer. This book is about the making of that tourist landscape-not so much the landscape itself, or the tourists looking at it, but the makers and movers behind the scenes who drove the transformation. This is, in other words, a book about economic planning. It is a left-wing book in the sense that its heroes are Progressives holding office in the era from Theodore to Franklin Roosevelt, particularly South Dakota\u27s own Peter Norbeck. The real push, Suzanne Barta Julin argues, came at the state level, not the local or federal, and it came from the government: The success of tourism as a public enterprise allowed private tourism to flourish

WISH LIST WILDERNESS ENDGAME IN THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST

In January 1979 Dave Foreman loosened his tie, propped his cowboy boots up on his desk, and brooded awhile on RARE II. In a second try at Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE), the u.s. Forest Service had just spent two years deciding once and for all how much of its undeveloped land should be designated Wilderness. To Foreman, a Washington executive of the Wilderness Society, RARE II tasted of bitter defeat, and he lonesomely popped the top on another Stroh\u27s as he brooded. The Forest Service had just recommended increasing its Wilderness acres from 18 million to 33 million, or about a sixth of its 190 million acres. Foreman wished for much more, and he regretted that conservationists like himself had been moderate in their demands and tactics. By 1980 a disgusted Foreman had loosened his tie all the way back to New Mexico, out of the Wilderness Society, and into Earth First!, a radical new environmental group that was best known for advocating sabotage of logging and construction projects. As Foreman told this story in his autobiography, Confessions of an Eco-Warrior, RARE II was the last straw.

Reinventing Regional Identity in Twenty-First Century Québécois and French Cinema

Although rural and regional subjects and settings are well established conventions in both French and French Canadian literature and cinema, recent trends have seen filmmakers return to the rural and regional subject matter that had largely been abandoned in the closing years of the twentieth century. Drawing on, but also distinguishing themselves from their literary and cinematic antecedents, these modern films sought to connect with audiences by reinventing the rural. Using case studies of three filmsÉric Rohmers Les Amours d'Astrée et de Céladon which sought to recreate Honoré DUrfés seventeenth-century pastoral novel LAstrée, Dany Boons Bienvenue Chez les Chtis and Jean-François Pouliots La grande séductionthis paper argues that contemporary Francophone audiences demand a rural cinema that blends traditions of idealism and idylls with contemporary realities of life in regional France and Quebec

Celtic and Norse Cultures Interpreted Through Their Beliefs in Thor and the Morrígan

By comparing the Norse God, Thor, and the Celtic Goddess, The Morrigan, we see the similarities and differences in Celtic and Norse cultures through their practices in worshipping these main deities in their pantheons. Thor, the well-known Norse God of Thunder, held many roles in Norse culture such as the God of War for those who were sent into battle and was seen as a protector of the common people as opposed to his father Odin, who was seen as the God of the noble class. On the other hand, in the role of God of Thunder, Thor is also seen as a God of Fertility amongst those who worshipped him. His hammer, Mjollnir, was seen as a “fertility-giving symbol” . Thor and his hammer served the people through the consecration of marriages , and blessings of newborns, farm fields, and building sites.The Celtic Goddess, The Morrigan, was the Goddess of Death for the Celtic peoples of Ireland. She is a member of the Morrigna, a trio of sister Goddesses, along with Badb and Macha, who serve as fertility Goddesses in contrast to the Morrigan. She was responsible for the transporting of Irish people to their place in the afterlife after their time on Earth had come to an end. She was also known as a Goddess of War and Fate, often appearing to warriors as a crow, which revealed their impending fate in the battle to come. She is often referred to as “The Great Queen”, and is believed to lead the spirits of the dead out of caves on Samain (Hallowe’en).Unlike the Norse God Thor, The Morrigan represents the afterlife rather than life on Earth for the Celtic People. We argue that through the symbolism of their respective Pantheons, these differences show what these cultures valued most; life or death. In the case of the Norse, Thor represents a culture of family and agricultural fertility enjoyed by all of the Norsemen who worshipped him. On the other hand, for the Celtic peoples, The Morrigan represents war, fate, and death, emphasizing the importance the Celtic people placed on the afterlife rather than their lives on Earth. In comparison, we see that both cultures revere these deities as one of their greatest protectors throughout life and the afterlife

The Family Physician\u27s Role in Identifying and Treating Tobacco Addiction among Adolescents

Smoking and tobacco addiction are serious public health problems worldwide. New research reveals that addiction to tobacco can begin very early, with very low levels of smoking. Family physicians are in a unique position to prevent smoking initiation by youths and to diagnose and treat tobacco addiction in young smokers. In this paper we discuss the factors that prompt youths to try smoking, how quickly addiction to tobacco begins after the onset of smoking, how a family physician can determine whether a young patient is addicted, and what the physician can do to prevent adolescent patients from beginning to smoke or to assist them to quit if they already smoke

What Aspect of Dependence Does the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Measure?

Although the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) are widely used, there is a uncertainty regarding what is measured by these scales. We examined associations between these instruments and items assessing different aspects of dependence. Adult current smokers ( , mean age 33.3 years, 61.9% female) completed a web-based survey comprised of items related to demographics and smoking behavior plus (1) the FTND and HSI; (2) the Autonomy over Tobacco Scale (AUTOS) with subscales measuring Withdrawal, Psychological Dependence, and Cue-Induced Cravings; (3) 6 questions tapping smokers’ wanting, craving, or needing experiences in response to withdrawal and the latency to each experience during abstinence; (4) 3 items concerning how smokers prepare to cope with periods of abstinence. In regression analyses the Withdrawal subscale of the AUTOS was the strongest predictor of FTND and HSI scores, followed by taking precautions not to run out of cigarettes or smoking extra to prepare for abstinence. The FTND and its six items, including the HSI, consistently showed the strongest correlations with withdrawal, suggesting that the behaviors described by the items of the FTND are primarily indicative of a difficulty maintaining abstinence because of withdrawal symptoms

Revue systématique d’essais comparatifs randomisés d’interventions d’abandon du tabac chez les jeunes

Contexte : Bien que l’usage de la cigarette demeure courant parmi les jeunes, on en sait encore bien peu sur la façon de les aider à cesser de fumer. Seulement quelques revues systématiques d’essais comparatifs randomisés (ECR) ont évalué l’efficacité des interventions d’abandon du tabac chez les jeunes.Objectif : Résumer les connaissances sur l’efficacité des interventions visant à aider les jeunes à cesser de fumer en se basant sur des données probantes provenant d’ECR.Sélection des études et extraction des données : Nous avons retenu tous les ECR publiés qui évaluaient les interventions d’abandon du tabac ciblant les jeunes âgés de 20 ans et moins et qui rapportaient l’abstinence au tabac selon une analyse en intention de traiter. Nous avons relevé les études pertinentes provenant de huit revues de synthèse décrivant des études portant sur des interventions d’abandon du tabac publiées entre 2002 et 2006, ainsi qu’une recherche menée dans les bases de données PubMed et PsycINFO entre 2001 et novembre  2006. Nous rapportons l’abstinence au tabagisme au moment du suivi le plus prolongé. Les auteurs ont sélectionné d’un commun accord les données retenues pour cette revue.Résultats : Nous avons identifié 16 ECR auxquels ont participé 6 623 jeunes ; 11 études évaluant des interventions comportementales qui comprenaient 5 764 participants; quatre examinant des interventions pharmacologiques qui comptaient 529 participants ; et une se penchant sur l’acupuncture au laser qui comportait 330 participants. Trois interventions comportementales menées en milieu scolaire sur quatre et une intervention réalisée en milieu de soins de santé sur quatre ont fait augmenter de façon significative l’abstinence au tabac, quatre semaines à 24 mois suivant les interventions. Parmi les quatre ERC qui évaluaient les interventions pharmacologiques réalisées à l’aide soit de bupropion, de timbres ou de gommes à la nicotine, une étude, où le timbre à la nicotine a été utilisé en combinaison avec un counseling cognitivo-comportemental, a montré une hausse marquée, quoique non significative, de l’abstinence six mois après la date d’abandon.Conclusion : Il existe encore peu de preuves démontrant l’efficacité des interventions d’abandon du tabac chez les jeunes. Quatre programmes en milieu scolaire et une intervention dans un établissement de santé ont mis en évidence une certaine efficacité, tandis que pour la thérapie pharmacologique, les résultats ne sont pas encore concluants.Background: Cigarette use remains common among young people but little is known about how to help adolescent smokers quit. There are few systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate the effectiveness of cessation interventions for youth.Objective: To synthesize knowledge on the effectiveness of cessation interventions targeted to youth based on evidence from RCTs.Selection of studies and data extraction: We retained all published RCTs with intention to treat analyses that evaluated cessation interventions targeted to youth aged ≤ 20 years. Relevant studies were identified from eight review articles of smoking cessation intervention studies published between 2002 and 2006, and from a search conducted in PubMed and PsycINFO databases from 2001 to November 2006. The outcome of primary interest was abstinence at the longest reported follow-up. Extraction of data was by consensus of the authors. Results: We identified 16 RCTs with a total of 6623 participants; 11 studies that included 5764 participants evaluated behavioural interventions, four with 529 participants evaluated pharmacological interventions, and one with 330 participants evaluated a laser acupuncture intervention. Three of four behavioural interventions conducted in school settings, and one of four conducted in a health care setting significantly increased abstinence four weeks to 24 months after the interventions. Of four RCTs that evaluated pharmacological interventions using either bupropion or nicotine patch or gum, one study using the nicotine patch coupled with cognitive-behavioural counselling showed a marked albeit non-significant increase in abstinence six months after quit date.Conclusion: There is still limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in youth. Four school-based programs and one intervention in a health care setting have shown efficacy, while results for pharmacological therapy are inconsistent across studies.Contexto: si bien el tabaco sigue siendo de uso corriente entre los jóvenes, todavía no se sabe mucho sobre cómo ayudarlos a dejar de fumar. Solamente algunas revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos comparativos aleatorizados han evaluado la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a lograr el abandono del tabaco entre los jóvenes.Objetivo: resumir los conocimientos sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones destinadas a ayudar a jóvenes a dejar de fumar sobre la base de los datos probados de los ensayos comparativos aleatorizados.Selección de estudios y extracción de datos: hemos retenido todos los ensayos comparativos aleatorizados publicados, que evalúan las intervenciones de abandono del tabaco en los jóvenes de 20 años y menos, y que informan sobre la abstinencia de tabaco, según un análisis que tiene la intención de tratar. Hemos seleccionado los trabajos pertinentes provenientes de ocho revistas de síntesis, que describen estudios referidos a intervenciones de abandono del tabaco publicados entre 2002 y 2006, así como una investigación llevada a cabo en las bases de datos PubMed et PsycINFO, realizada entre 2001 y noviembre de 2006. Informamos sobre la abstinencia del tabaquismo en el momento de seguimiento más prolongado. Los autores han seleccionado de común acuerdo los datos retenidos por esta revista.Resultados: hemos identificado dieciséis estudios comparativos aleatorizados en los que participaron 6.623 jóvenes; once estudios que evalúan las intervenciones comportamentales, con 5.764 participantes; cuatro que examinan las intervenciones farmacológicas en las que intervienen 529 participantes y uno que se centra en la acupuntura al láser, con 330 participantes. Tres intervenciones comportamentales realizadas en medio escolar de cada cuatro y una intervención realizada en el medio de la atención sanitaria de cada cuatro, aumentaron de manera significativa la abstinencia al tabaco, cuatro semanas a 24 meses después de las intervenciones. Entre los cuatro estudios comparativos aleatorizados que evaluaban las intervenciones farmacológicas, realizadas ya sea con ayuda de bupropion, de parches o de gomas de mascar a la nicotina, uno de ellos, en el que se utilizó un parche de nicotina en combinación con orientación psicológica cognitivo-comportamental, indicó un aumento marcado, aunque no significativo, de la abstinencia, seis meses después de la fecha de abandono.Conclusión: existen todavía pocas pruebas que demuestren la eficacia de las intervenciones de abandono del tabaco entre los jóvenes. Cuatro programas en medio escolar y una intervención en un establecimiento de salud evidenciaron una cierta eficacia, mientras que los resultados no son todavía concluyentes en lo que se refiere a la terapia farmacológica