Abnormal oscillation modes in a waning light bridge

A sunspot acts as a waveguide in response to the dynamics of the solar interior; the trapped waves and oscillations could reveal its thermal and magnetic structures. We study the oscillations in a sunspot intruded by a light bridge, the details of the oscillations could reveal the fine structure of the magnetic topology. We use the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly data to analyse the oscillations in the emission intensity of light bridge plasma at different temperatures and investigate their spatial distributions. The extreme ultraviolet emission intensity exhibits two persistent oscillations at five-minute and sub-minute ranges. The spatial distribution of the five-minute oscillation follows the spine of the bridge; whereas the sub-minute oscillations overlap with two flanks of the bridge. Moreover, the sub-minute oscillations are highly correlated in spatial domain, however, the oscillations at the eastern and western flanks are asymmetric with regard to the lag time. In the meanwhile, jet-like activities are only found at the eastern flank. Asymmetries in forms of oscillatory pattern and jet-like activities \textbf{are} found between two flanks of a granular light bridge. Based on our study and recent findings, we propose a new model of twisted magnetic field for a light bridge and its dynamic interactions with the magnetic field of a sunspot.Comment: 5 figures, Accepted version in A&

Constraining Coronal Heating: Employing Bayesian Analysis Techniques to Improve the Determination of Solar Atmospheric Plasma Parameters

One way of revealing the nature of the coronal heating mechanism is by comparing simple theoretical one dimensional hydrostatic loop models with observations at the temperature and/or density structure along these features. The most well-known method for dealing with comparisons like that is the $\chi^2$ approach. In this paper we consider the restrictions imposed by this approach and present an alternative way for making model comparisons using Bayesian statistics. In order to quantify our beliefs we use Bayes factors and information criteria such as AIC and BIC. Three simulated datasets are analyzed in order to validate the procedure and assess the effects of varying error bar size. Another two datasets (Ugarte-Urra et al., 2005; Priest et al., 2000) are re-analyzed using the method described above. In one of these two datasets (Ugarte-Urra et al., 2005), due to the error estimates in the observed temperature values, it is not posible to distinguish between the different heating mechanisms. For this we suggest that both Classical and Bayesian statistics should be applied in order to make safe assumptions about the nature of the coronal heating mechanisms

Preparing Students For An Online Accounting Course

Accounting education has been under intense examination for at least the past 20 years (American Accounting Association, 1986; Big Eight Accounting Firms, 1989; AECC, 1990).  Similarly, the value of an MBA education has been scrutinized (Leonhardt, 2000 and Mintzberg and Lampel, 2001). Over the past 10 years, online education has grown exponentially with the Internet (Bryant, Kahle and Schafer, 2005).  This paper examines the responses of students who have just completed an online MBA financial accounting course to the question “What advice would you give someone who is about to take the course?”  Over 60 students were polled, and their answers categorized into 36 repeated recommendations and seven themes:  Input Factors, Communication, External Activities, Technical Skills, Study Tips, Personal Factors, and Course Characteristics.  By far the predominate factor mentioned was time, but the breadth of additional advice provides a snapshot for educators of the student point of view.  The results of this study are useful to any professor who has taught or will be teaching an online financial accounting course

NOTES: RANGE EXTENSION OF THE VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA) IN NORTH DAKOTA

The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is broadly distributed across North America from Costa Rica in the south to southern Ontario in the north and from the southern Great Plains in the west to the eastern United States. The Virginia opossum also was introduced multiple times to thePacific Coast beginning in the late 1800s and has established populations in that region (Gardner and Sunquist 2003). This species is a habitat generalist known to frequent wetland and hardwood habitats but also can be found in grasslands, along forest edges, and in agricultural and suburban settings throughout its range (Gardner and Sunquist 2003, Beatty et al. 2014). However, the Virginia opossum is adapted poorly to winter, limiting its northern distribution to more tolerable warmer climates. It does not hibernate or exhibit torpor, and it will remain in its den rather than forage on nights when temperatures are below freezing or when there is deep snow, risking starvation if more than 54 days of winter are too harsh to forage (Brocke 1970). Despite these limitations, the Virginia opossum has expanded north in recent decades (Myers et al. 2009) and has been documented in novel areas of the Upper Midwest and New England (e.g., Dice 1927, Goodwin 1935, Jackson 1961). Both climate change and human land use alteration have been identified as contributing factors to their current range expansion. A recent study conducted across Michigan and Wisconsin identified reduced days of snow on the ground and increased agricultural land as two key factors facilitating the opossum’s expansion in the Midwest (Walsh and Tucker 2017). As generalist omnivores, opossums benefit from increased road kill and resources provided by agricultural practices (Beatty et al. 2014). Humans are further ameliorating winter conditions by providing shelter and easily accessible food, as evidenced by opossums in urban areas weighing more than individuals in adjacent natural habitats (Kanda 2005, Wright et al. 2012)

Prevalence of Dyskinesia and OFF by 30-Minute Intervals Through the Day and Assessment of Daily Episodes of Dyskinesia and OFF: Novel Analyses of Diary Data from Gocovri Pivotal Trials.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) patients using levodopa commonly develop dyskinesia and OFF episodes that reduce quality of life. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate prevalence of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF through the day, assessed by 30-minute intervals, as well as the mean number and duration of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes, transitions between PD states, and effects of Gocovri® (amantadine) extended release capsules on these episodes. METHODS: Evaluate diary data from pooled Gocovri phase 3, placebo-controlled trials-analyzed for 17 hours following wake-up-at baseline and week 12. RESULTS: Diaries were evaluable for 162 patients. At baseline, 67% of patients woke up OFF, with prevalence decreasing to 13% at 2 hours and then remaining relatively steady at ∼12% (range, 6-17%) across half-hour intervals thereafter. Troublesome dyskinesia prevalence rose steadily from 5% to 24% over the first 2 hours, then fluctuated between 20% and 44% through the rest of the waking day. At baseline, patients experienced a mean of 3.0 daily episodes of troublesome dyskinesia (average duration 2.0 hours each), and 2.2 daily episodes of OFF (average duration 1.1 hour each). At week 12, Gocovri-treated patients showed greater reductions than placebo in troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes per day (treatment difference: -1.0 episodes and -0.4 episodes, respectively) and average episode duration (treatment difference: -0.6 hours and -0.3 hours, respectively). Mean duration of individual episodes of ON without troublesome dyskinesia (Good ON) increased by 5.0 hours for Gocovri, compared with 2.0 hours for placebo. Patients taking Gocovri experienced 2.2 fewer transitions between states than patients taking placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Troublesome dyskinesia and OFF occurred in the morning and throughout the waking day. Gocovri-treated patients experienced fewer, shorter episodes of both troublesome dyskinesia and OFF, thereby increasing the duration of continuous Good ON episodes and reducing the frequency of transitions between motor states

Beneficial hemodynamic effects of intravenous and oral diltiazem in severe congestive heart failure

Concern persists about the potential negative inotropic effects of calcium channel blockers in patients with severely depressed myocardial function. Therefore, intravenous diltiazem (100 to 200 ltg/kg per min infusion) was administered for 40 minutes followed by oral diltiazem (90 to 120 mg/8 hours) for 24 hours to patients with advanced congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III to IV, mean ejection fraction 26 ± 4 [SD]). Intravenous diltiazem (eight patients) increased cardiac index 20% (2.05 ± 0.8 to 2.47 ± 0.8 liters/min per MZ, p < 0.01), stroke volume index 50% (22 ± 9 to 33 ± 12 MI/M2, p < 0.001) and stroke work index 27% (19 ± 10 to 24 ± 10 g-m/MZ, p < 0.05); while reducing heart rate 23% (97 ± 18 to 75 ± 11 beats/min, p < 0.01), mean arterial pressure 18% (95 ± 13 to 78 ± 7 mm Hg) and pulmonary wedge pressure 34% (29 ± 9 to 19 ± 7 mm Hg), without altering maximal first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax). Oral diltiazem (seven patients) produced equivalent hemodynamic effects. Transient junctional arrhythmias were observed in three of eight patients with intravenous diltiazem and one of seven patients with oral diltiazem.It is concluded that intravenous and short-term oral diltiazem improve left ventricular performance and reduce myocardial oxygen demand by heart rate and afterload reduction without significantly depressing contractile function in severe congestive heart failure. Caution should be exercised to avoid potential adverse, druginduced electrophysiologic effects in such patients

Selective Plasma Deposition of Fluorocarbon Films on SAMs

A dry plasma process has been demonstrated to be useful for the selective modification of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates. These SAMs are used, during the fabrication of semiconductor electronic devices, as etch masks on gold layers that are destined to be patterned and incorporated into the devices. The selective modification involves the formation of fluorocarbon films that render the SAMs more effective in protecting the masked areas of the gold against etching by a potassium iodide (KI) solution. This modification can be utilized, not only in the fabrication of single electronic devices but also in the fabrication of integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems, and circuit boards. In the steps that precede the dry plasma process, a silicon mold in the desired pattern is fabricated by standard photolithographic techniques. A stamp is then made by casting polydimethylsiloxane (commonly known as silicone rubber) in the mold. The stamp is coated with an alkanethiol solution, then the stamp is pressed on the gold layer of a device to be fabricated in order to deposit the alkanethiol to form an alkanethiolate SAM in the desired pattern (see figure). Next, the workpiece is exposed to a radio-frequency plasma generated from a mixture of CF4 and H2 gases. After this plasma treatment, the SAM is found to be modified, while the exposed areas of gold remain unchanged. This dry plasma process offers the potential for forming masks superior to those formed in a prior wet etching process. Among the advantages over the wet etching process are greater selectivity, fewer pin holes in the masks, and less nonuniformity of the masks. The fluorocarbon films formed in this way may also be useful as intermediate layers for subsequent fabrication steps and as dielectric layers to be incorporated into finished products

Encouraging Undergraduate-Faculty Collaborative Research

This paper is the result of the authors’ participation in a panel session at the Southwest Regional Meeting of the American Accounting Association in Houston, Texas in March 2008. Robert J. Walsh presented an earlier version of this manuscript at the Northeast Regional Meeting of the American Accounting Association in Newport, Rhode Island in November 2008. The authors wish to recognize the contributions of the program chairs, anonymous reviewers, and panel session participants for their helpful comments and suggestions

Deconstructing active region AR10961 using STEREO, HINODE, TRACE and SOHO

Active region 10961 was observed over a five day period (2007 July 2-6) by instrumentation on-board STEREO, Hinode, TRACE and SOHO. As it progressed from Sun centre to the solar limb a comprehensive analysis of the EUV, X-ray and magnetic field data reveals clearly observable changes in the global nature of the region. Temperature analyses undertaken using STEREO EUVI double filter ratios and XRT single and combined filter ratios demonstrate an overall cooling of the region from between 1.6 - 3.0 MK to 1.0 - 2.0 MK over the five days. Similarly, Hinode EIS density measurements show a corresponding increase in density of 27%. Moss, cool (1 MK) outer loop areas and hotter core loop regions were examined and compared with potential magnetic field extrapolations from SOHO MDI magnetogram data. In particular it was found that the potential field model was able to predict the structure of the hotter X-ray loops and that the larger cool loops seen in 171 Angstrom images appeared to follow the separatrix surfaces. The reasons behind the high density moss regions only observed on one side of the active region are examined further