Long-term variability of the number of days with precipitation in Cracow

W pracy dokonano analizy wieloletniejzmienności rocznej i miesięcznejliczby dni z opadem w Krakowie w latach 1814-1995. Przedstawiono średnie maksymalne, minimalne, odchylenia standardowe i współczynniki zmienności. Stwierdzono, że roczna liczba dni z opadem ~ 0,1 mm nie wykazuje istotnego trendu. Dodatnie tendencje występują we wszystkich miesiącach zimowych (Iistopad-luty). Miesięczna liczba dni z opadem ~ O,I mm jest wyrażnie skorelowana ze zmianami wskażnika cykliczności C, co jest najlepiej widoczne w przypadku marca.The paper analyses long-term variability of the annual and monthly numbers of days with precipitation in Cracow in the years 1814-1995. Averages, maxima, minima, standard deviations and variability coefficient are presented. It was found that the annual number of days with precipitation ~ 0.1 mm does not show significant trend. Positive tendencies occurred in all winter months (November-February). Monthly numbers of days with precipitation ~ 0.1 mm are significantly correlated with the variations of the cyclonicity index C, which can be seen best for the case of march

The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)

The paper discusses the impact of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of various types of precipitation. A 146-year-long precipitation record from Kraków spanning the period 1863–2008 was used alongside a calendar prepared by Niedźwiedź (1981, 2009) describing circulation types covering the period 1873–2008 and air masses and atmospheric fronts covering the period 1951–2008 in southern Poland. The influence of atmospheric circulation on precipitation was measured using the frequency, conditional probability and average daily totals of precipitation. Circulation types, air masses and atmospheric fronts exerted influences on precipitation as a result of the seasonal variations of the thermal and moisture properties of air masses. The impact is best expressed by circulation types as these combine the aspect of cyclonicity/anticyclonicity with that of the direction of air advection, the two elements which determine the physical properties of the air. On average, liquid precipitation prevailed in all circulation types, except the Ea type in which snowfall dominated over liquid precipitation. Depending on the season, one of the three types of circulation, Wa, Wc and Bc, were shown to coincide with the greatest amount of liquid and thunderstorm precipitation. There was no single dominant circulation type for mixed precipitation or snowfall. In summer, the circulation types Nc, NEc, Cc and Bc were the most favourable to liquid and thunderstorm precipitation in terms of both probability and totals. In winter, snowfall was the most favoured by the Ec type. Frontal precipitation was twice as likely to occur as air mass precipitation, with the exception of snowfall which was predominantly an air mass type of precipitation in terms of probability, but its greatest totals were recorded on atmospheric fronts

Anomalnie wysokie miesięczne opady atmosferyczne w Polskich Karpatach i na ich przedpolu (1881–2010)

Anomalously high monthly precipitation totals in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and their foreland (1881–2010)The study addresses the problem of river flooding and other dangerous natural processes as well as phenomena resulting from persistent heavy rainfall. Annual and multi-annual records of anomalously heavy precipitation were investigated using data from 16 weather stations in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and their foreland from the period 1881–2010. The anomalously high precipitation was studied in terms of its annual and multi-annual pattern, time of occurrence, spatial extent and the coinciding atmospheric circulation. The anomalously high monthly totals were defined as those, which exceeded the upper quartile plus 1.5x the interquartile range. It was found that during the 130 years of the study period, there were 200 anomalously heavy precipitation months (AHMs), which occurred in 106 years. Most of them were only recorded at either a single station or at two neighbouring stations, which would suggest that precipitation of this magnitude depends not just on circulation circumstances, but also on local factors. No statistical change was found in the long-term A H M occurrence pattern. There were two instances, where an A H M was recorded simultaneously at all 16 stations, in May 1940 and 2010, and they both contributed to catastrophic floods. The latter of the events involved both the highest absolute totals (exceeding 500 mm) and the highest relative totals (i.e. the percentage of the long-term average close to 500%). The A H Ms tended to coincide with cyclonic circulation. Between October and March, this was the western cyclonic circulation ( Wc ), while for the remaining part of the year it was cyclonic trough (Bc)

Zmienność czasowa najwyższych miesięcznych sum opadów atmosferycznych w Polskich Karpatach Zachodnich (1951-2005)

W artykule zbadano wieloletni i roczny przebieg najwyższych miesięcznych sum opadów atmosferycznych w Polskich Karpatach Zachodnich na podstawie danych z 6 stacji: Nowy Sącz, Sanok, Bielsko-Biała, Maków Podhalański, Krynica i Zakopane z okresu 1951–2005 oraz wyznaczono ich wartości prawdopodobne. Wykazano, że najwyższe miesięczne sumy opadów mogą występować w ciągu całego roku, z największą częstością w miesiącach letnich. Nie stwierdzono istotnych statystycznie trendów zmian wieloletnich, a jedynie krótkookresowe fluktuacje

Application of 2D RST method for spatial distribution of annual precipitation determination in the Upper Vistula Basin

Spatial distribution of annual precipitation is important element of engineering hydrology. To prepare precipitation maps for larger areas, proper methods of spatial interpolation and long-term precipitation records are needed. For analysed Upper Vistula Basin, 403 such representative stations with records for years 1952-1981 have been chosen and verifi ed. Regularized Spline with Tension method of interpolation have been selected (2D version) to intepolate spatial distribution of annual precipitation in Soła watershed, and cross-validation method for results verifi cation

Zmiany częstości anomalii termicznych w Polsce w latach 1951–2015

W pracy ukazano zmiany częstości anomalnie zim- nych i anomalnie ciepłych miesięcy w Polsce i jej bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie od 1951 do 2015 roku. Podstawę badań stanowią średnie miesięczne wartości temperatury powietrza (tśr. ) z 19 sta- cji meteorologicznych. Jako kryterium wyłonienia anomalii ter- micznych przyjęto wielkość odchylenia standardowego (tśr.±2σ). Wykazano, że w Polsce, podobnie jak w całej Europie, ocieplenie klimatu dokonuje się w większym stopniu przez wzrost częstości anomalnie ciepłych miesięcy niż spadek częstości miesięcy ano- malnie zimnych oraz że ocieplenie to wyraża się także powięk- szeniem zasięgu występowania anomalnie ciepłych miesięcy na początku XXI wieku

2007-2009 financial crisis for the European Union and Poland

The main aim of the paper is to discuss analyze the economic consequences of financial crisis for the EU 2007-2009 and Polish. The paper discusses the causes of the crisis, the role of economic surveillance as a cause of the outbreak, as well as its reform with which we are now dealing in the European Union. The global economic crisis adversely affected the financial condition of the European Union and its institutions. The result is a dramatic increase in budget deficits of individual member states, the increase in the size of public debt and economic slowdown. Europe is uniting so before one of the most difficult tasks, which is fighting the effects of the crisis. As a result of this evolving situation, several European Union countries stood on the brink of bankruptcy and without solidarity throughout the Community will not be able to manage by themselves.Podstawowym celem pracy jest analiza konsekwencji gospodarczych kryzysufinansowego 2007-2009 dla Unii Europejskiej i Polski. W pracy omówione zostały przyczyny wybuchu kryzysu, rola nadzoru gospodarczego jako przyczyna wybuchu, a także jego reforma z którą mamy obecnie do czynienia w Unii Europejskiej. Ogólnoświatowy kryzys gospodarczy wpłynął negatywnie na kondycje finansową państw Unii Europejskiej i jej instytucji finansowych. Wynikiem tego jest skokowy wzrost deficytów budżetowych poszczególnych państw członkowskich, wzrost wielkości zadłużenia publicznego oraz spowolnienie gospodarcze. Jednocząca się Europa staje więc przed jednym z najtrudniejszych zadań, którym jest walka ze skutkami kryzysu. W wyniku tak rozwijającej się sytuacji, wiele państw Unii Europejskiej stanęło na granicy bankructwa i bez solidarności całej Wspólnoty nie będą w stanie sobie same poradzić

Anomalnie wysokie miesięczne opady atmosferyczne w Polskich Karpatach i na ich przedpolu (1881–2010)

Anomalously high monthly precipitation totals in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and their foreland (1881–2010)The study addresses the problem of river flooding and other dangerous natural processes as well as phenomena resulting from persistent heavy rainfall. Annual and multi-annual records of anomalously heavy precipitation were investigated using data from 16 weather stations in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and their foreland from the period 1881–2010. The anomalously high precipitation was studied in terms of its annual and multi-annual pattern, time of occurrence, spatial extent and the coinciding atmospheric circulation. The anomalously high monthly totals were defined as those, which exceeded the upper quartile plus 1.5x the interquartile range. It was found that during the 130 years of the study period, there were 200 anomalously heavy precipitation months (AHMs), which occurred in 106 years. Most of them were only recorded at either a single station or at two neighbouring stations, which would suggest that precipitation of this magnitude depends not just on circulation circumstances, but also on local factors. No statistical change was found in the long-term A H M occurrence pattern. There were two instances, where an A H M was recorded simultaneously at all 16 stations, in May 1940 and 2010, and they both contributed to catastrophic floods. The latter of the events involved both the highest absolute totals (exceeding 500 mm) and the highest relative totals (i.e. the percentage of the long-term average close to 500%). The A H Ms tended to coincide with cyclonic circulation. Between October and March, this was the western cyclonic circulation ( Wc ), while for the remaining part of the year it was cyclonic trough (Bc)