A Characterization of the Inorganic and Available Phosphorus Content of Four South Dakota Soils

Phosphorus is an element that is becoming increasingly important in South Dakota soils. Although there seems to be a large supply of inorganic phosphorus in these soils, its availability to crops is definitely restricted. It was thought that a knowledge of the distribution of the different forms of phosphorus over a range of South Dakota soils is a necessary background for further understand phosphorus problems in the state. Interpretation of phosphorus behavior in soils involves some of the most interesting and baffling problems in the realm of soil science. Soils have been characterized by determining many parameters such as the pH, the clay content, the cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable cases. It was the purpose of this research to characterize the South Dakota soils studied as to the amount of phosphorus present as aluminum, iron, and calcium phosphate respectively, and to determine the phosphate release patterns of these soils, as indicated by successive leachings

Interferon-Γ inhibits DNA synthesis and insulin-like growth factor-II expression in human neuroblastoma cells

Interferon-Γ (IFN-Γ) is known to be an antiproliferative, differentiation agent in many cell types, including neuroblastoma. In this study, we determined the effects of IFN-Γ on cellular growth and expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF receptors in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Incubation of SH-SY5Y cells in IFN-Γ (20–100 U/ml) induced the formation of long neuritic processes. IFN-Γ treatment also induced decreases in [ 3 H]TdR incorporation, as well as serum-dependent changes in cell number. Treatment with IFN-Γ reduced cell number 33% in the presence of serum but had no effect on cell number in the absence of serum. IGF-II mRNA content was 60% inhibited by IFN-Γ, and was not serum dependent. The concentration of immunoreactive IGF-II in SH-SY5Y conditioned medium was also reduced in the presence of IFN-Γ, to less than half of control levels. In contrast, type I IGF receptor mRNA content was increased more than three-fold after treatment with IFN-Γ and serum. Co-incubation in IFN-Γ (20–100 U/ml) and IGF-II on (3–10 nM) prevented the inhibitory effects of IFN-Γ on [ 3 H]TdR ncorporation in serum-free media. Our results suggest that IFN-Γ may inhibit DNA synthesis and cell growth by interfering with an IGF-II/type I IGF receptor autocrine growth or survival mechanism.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50226/1/490340502_ftp.pd

On the Inadequacy of Species Distribution Models for Modelling the Spread of SARS-CoV-2: Response to Araújo and Naimi

The ongoing pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing significant damage to public health and economic livelihoods, and is putting significant strains on healthcare services globally. This unfolding emergency has prompted the preparation and dissemination of the article “Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely to be constrained by climate” by Araújo and Naimi (2020). The authors present the results of an ensemble forecast made from a suite of species distribution models (SDMs), where they attempt to predict the suitability of the climate for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 over the coming months. They argue that climate is likely to be a primary regulator for the spread of the infection and that people in warm-temperate and cold climates are more vulnerable than those in tropical and arid climates. A central finding of their study is that the possibility of a synchronous global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely. Whilst we understand that the motivations behind producing such work are grounded in trying to be helpful, we demonstrate here that there are clear conceptual and methodological deficiencies with their study that render their results and conclusions invalid. What follows is a response to the Araújo and Naimi article centered around three main criticisms: 1) Given the fact that SARS-CoV-2 has a primary infection pathway of direct contact, it is in an active spreading phase, and remains largely underreported in the Global South, it represents an inappropriate system for analysis using the SDM framework. 2) Even if we were to accept that an SDM framework would be applicable here, the methodology presented in the article strays far from best-practice guidelines for the application of SDMs. 3) The dissemination strategy of the authors failed to respect the frameworks of risks adhered to in other academic disciplines pertaining to public health, resulting in erroneous but well-publicised claims with broad policy implications before any scientific oversight could be applied

Approach to Perturbative Results in the N-Delta Transition

We show that constraints from perturbative QCD calculations play a role in the nucleon to Delta(1232) electromagnetic transition even at moderate momentum transfer scales. The pQCD constraints, tied to real photoproduction data and unseparated resonance response functions, lead to explicit forms for the helicity amplitudes wherein the E2/M1 ratio remains small at moderately large momentum transfer.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, ReVTe

Treatment of Breast Cancer in Countries with Limited Resources

Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer is important for optimizing treatment. Local treatment of early stage breast cancer involves either mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery followed by whole-breast irradiation. The pathologic and biologic properties of a woman's breast cancer may be used to estimate her probability for recurrence of and death from breast cancer, as well as the magnitude of benefit she is likely to receive from adjuvant endocrine therapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Ovarian ablation or suppression with or without tamoxifen is an effective endocrine therapy in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive or ER-unknown breast cancer. In postmenopausal women with ER- and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive or PR-unknown breast cancer, the use of tamoxifen or anastrozole is effective adjuvant endocrine therapy. The benefit of tamoxifen is additive to that of chemotherapy. Cytotoxic chemotherapy also improves recurrence rates and survival, with the magnitude of benefit decreasing with increasing age. Substantial support systems are required to optimally and safely use breast-conserving approaches to local therapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy as systemic therapy. Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) accounts for at least half of all breast cancers in countries with limited resources and has a poor prognosis. Initial treatment of LABC with anthracycline-based chemotherapy is standard and effective. Addition of a sequential, neoadjuvant taxane thereafter increases the rate of pathologic complete responses. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy may benefit postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive LABC. After an initial response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the use of local-regional surgery is appropriate. Most women will require a radical or modified radical mastectomy. In those women in whom mastectomy is not possible after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the use of whole-breast and regional lymph node irradiation alone is appropriate. In those women who cannot receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy because of resource constraints, mastectomy with node dissection, when feasible, may still be considered in an attempt to achieve local-regional control. After local-regional therapy, most women should receive additional systemic chemotherapy. Women with LABC that has a positive or unknown hormone receptor status benefit from endocrine therapy with tamoxifen. The treatment of LABC requires multiple disciplines and is resource intensive. Efforts to reduce the number of breast cancers diagnosed at an advanced stage thus have the potential to improve rates of survival while decreasing the use of limited resources

Single top quark production as a probe of R-parity-violating SUSY at pp and p\bar p colliders

We investigate the ability of single top quark production via qq'-> squark->tb and q \bar q'->slepton->t\bar b at the LHC and Tevatron to probe the strength of R-parity violating couplings in the minimal supersymmetric model. We found that given the existing bounds on R-parity violating couplings, single top quark production may be greatly enhanced over that predicted by the standard model, and that both colliders can either discover R-parity violating SUSY or set strong constraints on the relevant R-parity violating couplings. We further found that the LHC is much more powerful than the Tevatron in probing the squark couplings, but the two colliders have comparable sensitivity for the slepton couplings.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

MEASUREMENTS OF THE H(N,N) ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF 10MEV NEUTRON ENERGY.

Relative measurements of the cross section for scattering of neutrons by protons have been made at 10 MeV neutron energy for center-of-mass neutron scattering angles from 60' to 180'. The measurements were made using the Ohio University Accelerator Laboratory's tandem Van de Graaff accelerator with the D(d,n) reaction as the neutron source. The data are in good agreement with predictions from the phase shift analyses of Arndt, the groups of Nijmegen and Bonn, and the ENDF/B-V evaluation. The ENDF/B-VI evaluation does not appear to have the same angular dependence as the data. KEYWORDS: hydrogen cross section, neutron cross section standard, hydrogen angular distribution standar

Beyond the Planar Limit in ABJM

In this article we consider gauge theories with a U(N)X U(N) gauge group. We provide, for the first time, a complete set of operators built from scalar fields that are in the bi fundamental of the two groups. Our operators diagonalize the two point function of the free field theory at all orders in 1/N. We then use this basis to investigate non-planar anomalous dimensions in the ABJM theory. We show that the dilatation operator reduces to a set of decoupled harmonic oscillators, signaling integrability in a nonplanar large N limit.Comment: v2: minor revisison

A double coset ansatz for integrability in AdS/CFT

We give a proof that the expected counting of strings attached to giant graviton branes in AdS_5 x S^5, as constrained by the Gauss Law, matches the dimension spanned by the expected dual operators in the gauge theory. The counting of string-brane configurations is formulated as a graph counting problem, which can be expressed as the number of points on a double coset involving permutation groups. Fourier transformation on the double coset suggests an ansatz for the diagonalization of the one-loop dilatation operator in this sector of strings attached to giant graviton branes. The ansatz agrees with and extends recent results which have found the dynamics of open string excitations of giants to be given by harmonic oscillators. We prove that it provides the conjectured diagonalization leading to harmonic oscillators.Comment: 33 pages, 3 figures; v2: references adde

Nonplanar integrability at two loops

In this article we compute the action of the two loop dilatation operator on restricted Schur polynomials that belong to the su(2) sector, in the displaced corners approximation. In this non-planar large N limit, operators that diagonalize the one loop dilatation operator are not corrected at two loops. The resulting spectrum of anomalous dimensions is related to a set of decoupled harmonic oscillators, indicating integrability in this sector of the theory at two loops. The anomalous dimensions are a non-trivial function of the 't Hooft coupling, with a spectrum that is continuous and starting at zero at large N, but discrete at finite N.Comment: version to appear in JHE