Indigenous belief in a just world: New Zealand Māori and other ethnicities compared

Striking differences in economic outcomes exist within New Zealand for Māori relative to the non-Māori population. This paper analyses whether certain beliefs and values differ systematically between Māori and non-Māori, while recognising that there is not a uniform culture for either group. Many of the beliefs and values we examine have been linked to the adoption of particular individual actions that may affect economic outcomes. For example, prior research indicates a person who believes that the world is not ‘just’, in the sense of believing that success is due to luck and connections rather than individual effort, may not be motivated to seek educational achievements, nor see the point of working hard at a job

The Semiclassical Theory of Transport in Topological Weyl Semimetals

Weyl semimetals are three-dimensional analogs of graphene in which electrons move like light with a linear dispersion. Electrons in Weyl semimetals are subject to Berry curvature, which acts as a magnetic eld in momentum space. At their Weyl points, Weyl semimetals possess monopoles of Berry curvature with opposite chirality, or monopole charge. Weyl semimetals come in two types: in type-I, the Weyl cones that describe their energy-momentum relation intersect the zero-energy surface at two pairs of points, whereas type-II Weyl semimetals arise when the Weyl cones are tilted beyond a critical angle that results in electron and hole pockets with nite density of states touching at Weyl points. It is the goal of this project to calculate the e ects of these Berry monopoles on transport both with and without an external magnetic eld for lattice models of a Weyl semimetal. We investigate the transport behavior of Weyl semimetals using the semiclassical Boltzmann formulation in which the Berry monopoles are included. We nd that the tilt of the energy bands in type-II Weyl semimetals impacts transport properties through the interplay of the states closest in energy to the Weyl nodes. Topology transitions can are represented through di erent pockets from the hole and electron contribution along the nodal energy plane. As the tilt increases from the type-I regime to the type-II regime, the electron and hole pockets merge at the projection of the energy dispersion at the 0 energy plane, resulting in an enhanced transport regime. There are also regions of the tilt where the the hole and electron pockets all merge, resulting in a decrease in magnitude of transport without a magnetic eld. The thermoelectric transport coe cient, at a xed temperature, shows the largest change at the tilt angle where the electron and hole Fermi surfaces merge. We nd this is due to the distribution of lled energy states interacting with the net Berry curvature of a Weyl semimetal. The non-monotonic behavior as a function of temperature is obtained through thermoelectric transport coe cients' dependency on temperature resulting from two competing e ects: (a) an increase in the number of states around the Fermi level involved in anomalous transport; (b) strong temperature dependence of the chemical potential from its T = 0 value to sticking at the Weyl nodes. These results can be extended to the behavior of Weyl semimetals in an external magnetic eld. Upon applying the magnetic eld, we obtain a rich context for temperature dependence and magnetic eld strength. A variety of varied parameters are considered, such as the scattering times and applied elds. We nd the equations governing the nonequilibrium distribution provide strong framework of what the scattering times and eld dependences do. We also obtain these relations for di erent Fermi energies to calculate the Nernst e ect, for most values of temperature away from T = 0, as a change in the number density of electrons.Robert P. Caren Family Endowment FundArts and Sciences Honors Committee Undergraduate Research ScholarshipNo embargoAcademic Major: Astronomy and AstrophysicsAcademic Major: Physic

Test particle studies of acceleration and transport in solar and tokamak plasmas

A test particle approach is used to study two distinct plasma physics situations. In the first case, the collisionless response of protons to cold plasma fast Alfven waves propagating in a non-uniform magnetic field configuration (specifically, a two-dimensional X-point field) is studied. The field perturbations associated with the waves, which are assumed to be azimuthally-symmetric and invariant in the direction orthogonal to the X-point plane, are exact solutions of the linearized ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The protons are initially Maxwellian, at temperatures that are consistent with the cold plasma approximation. Two kinds of wave solution are invoked: global perturbations, with inward- and outward-propagating components; and purely inward-propagating waves, localised in distance from the X-point null, the wave electric field E having a preferred direction. In both cases the protons are effectively heated in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, although the parallel velocity distribution is generally non-Maxwellian and some protons are accelerated to highly suprathermal energies. This heating and acceleration can be attributed to the fact that protons undergoing E x B drifts due to the presence of the wave are subject to an effective force in the direction parallel to B. The localised wave solution produces more effective proton heating than the global solution, and successive wave pulses have a synergistic effect. This process, which could play a role in both solar coronal heating and late-phase heating in solar flares, is effective for all ion species, but has a negligible direct effect on electrons. However, both electrons and heavy ions would be expected to acquire a temperature similar to that of the protons on collisional timescales. In the second case the same approach is used to study the collisional transport of impurity ions (carbon, mainly, although tungsten ions are also simulated) in spherical tokamak (ST) plasmas with transonic and subsonic toroidal flows. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by reproduscing the results of classical transport theory in the large aspect ratio limit. The equilibrium parameters used in the ST modelling are similar to those of plasmas in the MAST experiment. The effects on impurity ion confinement of both counter-current and co-current rotation are determined. Various majority ion density and temperature profiles, approximating measured profiles in rotating and non-rotating MAST plasmas, are used in the modelling. It is shown that transonic rotation (both counter-current and co-current) has the effect of reducing substantially the confinement time of the impurity ions. This effect arises primarily because the impurity ions, displaced by the centrifugal force to the low-field region of the tokamak, are subject to a collisional diffusivity that is greater than the flux surface-averaged value of this quantity. for a given set of plasma profiles, the carbon ions are found to be significantly less well-confined in co-rotating plasmas than in counter-rotating plasmas, although the difference in confinement time between co- and counter-rotation lessens as the mass of the impurity increases. In the case of carbon ions the poloidal distribution of losses exhibits a pronounced up/down asymmetry that is consistent with the direction of the net vertical drift of the impurity ions. Increasing the mass of the impurity ion is also found to significantly decrease the confinement time in the rotating cases, though the confinement time for the case of a stationary plasma is increased. Such studies of impurity transport within tokamaks are important because it is desirable to expel impurity ions from the plasma to avoid both dilution of the fuel ions and unacceptable radiation losses from the plasma

A study of MAPSE extensions

The technical issues of extending the Minimal Ada Programming Support Environment (MAPSE) to support the life cycle of large, complex distributed systems such as the Space Station Program (SSP) are studied. The work has been divided into two phases, Phase one, covered herein, identifies a list of advanced technical tools needed to extend the MAPSE to meet the needs believed to be inherent in the Software Support Environment (SSE). The description of SSE requirements are given, and a list of the tools are identified. An outline is also given of the principle requirements for a MAPSE, along with a description of the life cycle model and a description of the tools in the context of the life cycle model