Specificity Between Lactobacilli And Hymenopteran Hosts Is The Exception Rather Than The Rule

Lactobacilli (Lactobacillales: Lactobacillaceae) are well known for their roles in food fermentation, as probiotics, and in human health, but they can also be dominant members of the microbiota of some species of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). Honey bees and bumble bees associate with host-specific lactobacilli, and some evidence suggests that these lactobacilli are important for bee health. Social transmission helps maintain associations between these bees and their respective microbiota. To determine whether lactobacilli associated with social hymenopteran hosts are generally host specific, we gathered publicly available Lactobacillus 16S rRNA gene sequences, along with Lactobacillus sequences from 454 pyrosequencing surveys of six other hymenopteran species (three sweat bees and three ants). We determined the comparative secondary structural models of 16S rRNA, which allowed us to accurately align the entire 16S rRNA gene, including fast-evolving regions. BLAST searches and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions confirmed that honey and bumble bees have host-specific Lactobacillus associates. Regardless of colony size or within-colony oral sharing of food (trophallaxis), sweat bees and ants associate with lactobacilli that are closely related to those found in vertebrate hosts or in diverse environments. Why honey and bumble bees associate with host-specific lactobacilli while other social Hymenoptera do not remains an open question. Lactobacilli are known to inhibit the growth of other microbes and can be beneficial whether they are coevolved with their host or are recruited by the host from environmental sources through mechanisms of partner choice.National Science Foundation PRFB-1003133, DEB-0919519Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board 01923, National Institutes of Health GM067317Integrative BiologyCellular and Molecular BiologyCenter for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsBrackenridge Field Laborator

A small parasitoid of fire ants, pseudacteon obtusitus (Diptera: Phoridae): native range ecology and laboratory rearing

The high diversity within a guild of Pseudacteon Coquillet (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitoid flies hosted by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), may be based on several niche axes, including host size specialization, host location cues, climatic responses, and tolerances. The recently described species, Pseudacteon obtusitus Plowes, Folgarait, and Gilbert (Diptera: Phoridae), is one of the smallest species in this group (with a thorax width of only 0.3 mm), and appears to locate ant hosts on foraging trails as well as at nest disturbances. Here we examine the ecology, phenology, and development of this parasitoid at sites in Corrientes, Argentina. Pseudacteon obtusitus has 2 seasons of peak abundance, and exhibits low tolerance for cold temperatures or extended cold periods. It preys on the smallest ant workers (typically 0.6 mm head width) independent of the ant size offered, and has a male biased sex ratio (mean 2.78:1). Developmental times ranged from 35 d at 27 °C to 44 d at 22 °C. This species holds interest for inclusion among the multi-species assemblage of parasitoid flies considered for biological control of S. invicta in its invasive range in North America.La gran diversidad dentro del gremio de moscas parasitoides del género Pseudacteon Coquillet (Diptera: Phoridae), específicas de las hormigas de fuego, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), puede estar basada en varios ejes de nicho incluyendo una especialización por el tamaño del huésped, claves de localización del huésped y respuestas climáticas o tolerancias. La especie recientemente descripta, Pseudacteon obtusitus Plowes, Folgarait, Gilbert (Diptera: Phoridae), es una de las más pequeñas de este grupo con un ancho de tórax de 0.3 mm y parece localizar a las hormigas huésped en los caminos de forrajeo así como en nidos disturbados. En este trabajo se examina la ecología, fenología y desarrollo de esta especie en sitios de Corrientes, Argentina. Pseudacteon obtusitus tiene 2 picos de abundancia y posee poca tolerancia a las temperaturas bajas o períodos largos de frío. Esta especie ataca a las obreras más pequeñas (típicamente de 0.6 mm de ancho de cabeza) independientemente del tamaño de huésped ofrecido, y tiene una relación de sexos sesgada hacia los machos (promedio 2.78:1). Los tiempos de desarrollo varían de 35 días a 27 °C hasta 44 días a 28 °C. Esta especie es interesante para incluirla en el ensamble multi-específico de moscas parasitoides consideradas para el control biológico de Solenopsis invicta en su rango de invasión en América del Norte.Fil: Folgarait, Patricia Julia. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Hormigas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Plowes, Robert M.. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Gomila Molina, Carolina Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Hormigas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca; ArgentinaFil: Gilbert, Lawrence E.. University of Texas; Estados Unido

Robotic Motion Compensation for Beating Heart Intracardiac Surgery

3D ultrasound imaging has enabled minimally invasive, beating heart intracardiac procedures. However, rapid heart motion poses a serious challenge to the surgeon that is compounded by significant time delays and noise in 3D ultrasound. This paper investigates the concept of using a one-degree-of-freedom motion compensation system to synchronize with tissue motions that may be approximated by 1D motion models. We characterize the motion of the mitral valve annulus and show that it is well approximated by a 1D model. The subsequent development of a motion compensation instrument (MCI) is described, as well as an extended Kalman filter (EKF) that compensates for system delays. The benefits and robustness of motion compensation are tested in user trials under a series of non-ideal tracking conditions. Results indicate that the MCI provides an approximately 50% increase in dexterity and 50% decrease in force when compared with a solid tool, but is sensitive to time delays. We demonstrate that the use of the EKF for delay compensation restores performance, even in situations of high heart rate variability. The resulting system is tested in an in vitro 3D ultrasound-guided servoing task, yielding accurate tracking (1.15 mm root mean square) in the presence of noisy, time-delayed 3D ultrasound measurements.Engineering and Applied Science

Arthropod associates of Kenyan buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris): a field survey for biological control candidates of a globally important invasive grass

Invasive species are the second largest contributor to biodiversity loss and drivers of ecosystem change. Buffelgrass is a C4, perennial grass native to Africa and Asia that was widely introduced across tropical and subtropical rangelands as livestock forage. Buffelgrass reduces native biodiversity and ecosystem stability in its introduced range when it escapes livestock pastures. Understanding the ecology of insects associated with buffelgrass in its native range may provide an understanding of invasion processes and biological control opportunities where buffelgrass has become an invasive challenge. Here, we present the results of a six-year survey of herbivorous arthropods of a native buffelgrass population from Kenya. Buffelgrass was examined for externally and internally feeding insects of vegetative and reproductive tissues. We also categorised buffelgrass detritivores and parasitoids that may use buffelgrass herbivores as hosts. The samples were photographed and Sanger sequenced to identify them to the lowest possible taxonomic ranking. We collected information on sample abundances, phenologies, tissues consumed, and putative diet breadths. We identified 25 morphospecies representing seven orders and 16 families. The putative host plant specialisation was as high as 67% for Diptera. Phenological variation in herbivore presence correlated with seasonal rainfall and provided a guide for when to conduct follow-up biological control agent searches. The most abundant herbivore was a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that inhabits buffelgrass culms. Additional research should focus on bringing this species into containment where host choice trials can be conducted to determine if it is truly monophagous and assess its impact on buffelgrass growth

Systematic reduction of natural enemies and competition across variable precipitation approximates buffelgrass invasiveness ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) in its native range

Invasive grasses cause devastating losses to biodiversity and ecosystem function directly and indirectly by altering ecosystem processes. Escape from natural enemies, plant–plant competition, and variable resource availability provide frameworks for understanding invasion. However, we lack a clear understanding of how natural stressors interact in their native range to regulate invasiveness. In this study, we reduced diverse guilds of natural enemies and plant competitors of the highly invasive buffelgrass across a precipitation gradient throughout major climatic shifts in Laikipia, Kenya. To do this, we used a long‐term ungulate exclosure experiment design across a precipitation gradient with nested treatments that (1) reduced plant competition through clipping, (2) reduced insects through systemic insecticide, and (3) reduced fungal associates through fungicide application. Additionally, we measured the interaction of ungulates on two stem‐boring insect species feeding on buffelgrass. Finally, we measured a multiyear smut fungus outbreak. Our findings suggest that buffelgrass exhibits invasive qualities when released from a diverse group of natural stressors in its native range. We show natural enemies interact with precipitation to alter buffelgrass productivity patterns. In addition, interspecific plant competition decreased the basal area of buffelgrass, suggesting that biotic resistance mediates buffelgrass dominance in the home range. Surprisingly, systemic insecticides and fungicides did not impact buffelgrass production or reproduction, perhaps because other guilds filled the niche space in these highly diverse systems. For example, in the absence of ungulates, we showed an increase in host‐specific stem‐galling insects, where these insects compensated for reduced ungulate use. Finally, we documented a smut outbreak in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to highly variable precipitation patterns caused by a shifting Indian Ocean Dipole. In conclusion, we observed how reducing natural enemies and competitors and certain interactions increased properties related to buffelgrass invasiveness

Systematic reduction of natural enemies and competition across variable precipitation approximates buffelgrass invasiveness (Cenchrus ciliaris) in its native range

Invasive grasses cause devastating losses to biodiversity and ecosystem function directly and indirectly by altering ecosystem processes. Escape from natural enemies, plant–plant competition, and variable resource availability provide frameworks for understanding invasion. However, we lack a clear understanding of how natural stressors interact in their native range to regulate invasiveness. In this study, we reduced diverse guilds of natural enemies and plant competitors of the highly invasive buffelgrass across a precipitation gradient throughout major climatic shifts in Laikipia, Kenya. To do this, we used a long-term ungulate exclosure experiment design across a precipitation gradient with nested treatments that (1) reduced plant competition through clipping, (2) reduced insects through systemic insecticide, and (3) reduced fungal associates through fungicide application. Additionally, we measured the interaction of ungulates on two stem-boring insect species feeding on buffelgrass. Finally, we measured a multiyear smut fungus outbreak. Our findings suggest that buffelgrass exhibits invasive qualities when released from a diverse group of natural stressors in its native range. We show natural enemies interact with precipitation to alter buffelgrass productivity patterns. In addition, interspecific plant competition decreased the basal area of buffelgrass, suggesting that biotic resistance mediates buffelgrass dominance in the home range. Surprisingly, systemic insecticides and fungicides did not impact buffelgrass production or reproduction, perhaps because other guilds filled the niche space in these highly diverse systems. For example, in the absence of ungulates, we showed an increase in host-specific stem-galling insects, where these insects compensated for reduced ungulate use. Finally, we documented a smut outbreak in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to highly variable precipitation patterns caused by a shifting Indian Ocean Dipole. In conclusion, we observed how reducing natural enemies and competitors and certain interactions increased properties related to buffelgrass invasiveness

Biodiversity on Broadway - Enigmatic Diversity of the Societies of Ants (Formicidae) on the Streets of New York City

Each year, a larger proportion of the Earth's surface is urbanized, and a larger proportion of the people on Earth lives in those urban areas. The everyday nature, however, that humans encounter in cities remains poorly understood. Here, we consider perhaps the most urban green habitat, street medians. We sampled ants from forty-four medians along three boulevards in New York City and examined how median properties affect the abundance and species richness of native and introduced ants found on them. Ant species richness varied among streets and increased with area but was independent of the other median attributes measured. Ant assemblages were highly nested, with three numerically dominant species present at all medians and additional species present at a subset of medians. The most common ant species were the introduced Pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum) and the native Thief ant (Solenopsis molesta) and Cornfield ant (Lasius neoniger). The common introduced species on the medians responded differently to natural and disturbed elements of medians. Tetramorium caespitum was most abundant in small medians, with the greatest edge/area ratio, particularly if those medians had few trees, whereas Nylanderia flavipes was most abundant in the largest medians, particularly if they had more trees. Many of the species encountered in Manhattan were similar to those found in other large North American cities, such that a relatively small subset of ant species probably represent most of the encounters humans have with ants in North America

Model selection in historical research using approximate Bayesian computation

Formal Models and History Computational models are increasingly being used to study historical dynamics. This new trend, which could be named Model-Based History, makes use of recently published datasets and innovative quantitative methods to improve our understanding of past societies based on their written sources. The extensive use of formal models allows historians to reevaluate hypotheses formulated decades ago and still subject to debate due to the lack of an adequate quantitative framework. The initiative has the potential to transform the discipline if it solves the challenges posed by the study of historical dynamics. These difficulties are based on the complexities of modelling social interaction, and the methodological issues raised by the evaluation of formal models against data with low sample size, high variance and strong fragmentation. This work examines an alternate approach to this evaluation based on a Bayesian-inspired model selection method. The validity of the classical Lanchester's laws of combat is examined against a dataset comprising over a thousand battles spanning 300 years. Four variations of the basic equations are discussed, including the three most common formulations (linear, squared, and logarithmic) and a new variant introducing fatigue. Approximate Bayesian Computation is then used to infer both parameter values and model selection via Bayes Factors. Results indicate decisive evidence favouring the new fatigue model. The interpretation of both parameter estimations and model selection provides new insights into the factors guiding the evolution of warfare. At a methodological level, the case study shows how model selection methods can be used to guide historical research through the comparison between existing hypotheses and empirical evidence.Funding for this work was provided by the SimulPast Consolider Ingenio project (CSD2010-00034) of the former Ministry for Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government and the European Research Council Advanced Grant EPNet (340828).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Pseudacteon notocaudatus and Pseudacteon obtusitus (Diptera: Phoridae), two new species of fire ant parasitoids from South America

Ongoing studies in South America of phorid flies of the genus Pseudacteon Coquillett 1907 have revealed two further new species in this genus that are described here: P. obtusitus and P. notocaudatus. Both species are parasitoids of Solenopsis (F.) fire ants.Fil: Plowes, Robert M.. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Folgarait, Patricia Julia. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gilbert, Lawrence E.. University of Texas; Estados Unido

The introduction of the fire ant parasitoid Pseudacteon nocens in North America: Challenges when establishing small populations

Several species of parasitoid phorid flies (Pseudacteon spp., Diptera: Phoridae) have been released into the United States as potential biological control agents for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsisinvicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Here we report the first successful introduction and spread of Pseudacteonnocens Borgmeier at a site in Texas, USA. Pseudacteon nocens is an important natural enemy since it is a widespread and often abundant parasitoid of S. invicta in Argentina, where it attacks larger fire ant workers eliciting a strong defensive response. Several years of effort to establish this species previously failed, and here we provide a model to better understand the likelihood of founding new populations when introducing sequential batches of flies in field or laboratory cultures. We also report on a novel method of establishing new populations of phorids in the field using pupae burial boxes to overcome constraints of releasing adult flies or infected worker ants.Fil: Plowes, Robert M.. University of Texas; Estados UnidosFil: Folgarait, Patricia Julia. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gilbert, Lawrence E.. University of Texas; Estados Unido