68 research outputs found
Emerging Indoor Photovoltaic Technologies for Sustainable Internet of Things
Funder: Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012246Funder: 111 Project; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013314Funder: Joint International Research Laboratory of CarbonâBased Functional Materials and DevicesFunder: European Union; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) provides everyday objects and environments with âintelligenceâ and data connectivity to improve quality of life and the efficiency of a wide range of human activities. However, the ongoing exponential growth of the IoT device ecosystemâup to tens of billions of units to dateâposes a challenge regarding how to power such devices. This Progress Report discusses how energy harvesting can address this challenge. It then discusses how indoor photovoltaics (IPV) constitutes an attractive energy harvesting solution, given its deployability, reliability, and power density. For IPV to provide an ecoâfriendly route to powering IoT devices, it is crucial that its underlying materials and fabrication processes are lowâtoxicity and not harmful to the environment over the product life cycle. A range of IPV technologiesâboth incumbent and emergingâdeveloped to date is discussed, with an emphasis on their environmental sustainability. Finally, IPV based on emerging leadâfree perovskiteâinspired absorbers are examined, highlighting their status and prospects for lowâcost, durable, and efficient energy harvesting that is not harmful to the end user and environment. By examining emerging avenues for ecoâfriendly IPV, timely insight is provided into promising directions toward IPV that can sustainably power the IoT revolution
Research Update: Doping ZnO and TiO2 for solar cells
© Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License.ZnO and TiO2 are two of the most commonly used n-type metal oxide semiconductors in new generation solar cells due to their abundance, low-cost, and stability. ZnO and TiO2 can be used as active layers, photoanodes, buffer layers, transparent conducting oxides, hole-blocking layers, and intermediate layers. Doping is essential to tailor the materials properties for each application. The dopants used and their impact in solar cells are reviewed. In addition, the advantages, disadvantages, and commercial potential of the various fabrication methods of these oxides are presented.Rutherford Foundation of New ZealandCambridge Commonwealth TrustGirton College CambridgeERC Advanced Investigator GrantNovox [ERC-2009-adG247276
Large ferroâpyroâphototronic effect in 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3â0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 thin films integrated on silicon for photodetection
Coupling together the ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and photovoltaic characteristics within a single material is a novel way to improve the performance of photodetectors. In this work, we take advantage of the triple multifunctionality shown by 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3â0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCZT), as demonstrated in an Al/Si/SiOx/BCZT/ITO thin-film device. The Si/SiOx acts as an n-type layer to form a metalâferroelectricâinsulatorâsemiconductor heterostructure with the BCZT, and with Al and ITO as electrodes. The photo-response of the device, with excitation from a violet laser (405ânm wavelength), is carefully investigated, and it is shown that the photodetector performance is invariant with the chopper frequency owing to the pyro-phototronic effect, which corresponds to the coupling together of the pyroelectric and photovoltaic responses. However, the photodetector performance was significantly better than that of the devices operating based only on the pyro-phototronic effect by a factor of 4, due to the presence of ferroelectricity in the system. Thus, after a poling voltage of â15âV, for a laser power density of 230âmW/cm2 and at a chopper frequency of 400âHz, optimized responsivity, detectivity, and sensitivity values of 13.1âmA/W, 1.7âĂâ1010 Jones, and 26.9, respectively, are achieved. Furthermore, ultrafast rise and fall times of 2.4 and 1.5â”s, respectively, are obtained, which are 35,000 and 36,000 times faster rise and fall responses, respectively, than previous reports of devices with the ferroâpyroâphototronic effect. This is understood based on the much faster ferroelectric switching in ferroelectric thin films owing to the predominant 180° domains in a single direction out of plane.This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding Contracts UIDB/04650/2020. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 958174 (M-ERA-NET3/0003/2021âNanOx4EStor). The authors would also like to thank engineer JosĂ© Santos for technical support at the Thin Film Laboratory. J. L. M.-D. and R. L. Z. H. are grateful for EPSRC CAM-IES grant EP/P007767/. R. L. Z. H. also acknowledges support from the Royal Academy of Engineering under the Research Fellowships scheme (No.: RF\201718\1701). J. L. M.-D. acknowledges support from the Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies scheme (No.: CIET1819_24) and the ERC grant EROS, EU-H2020-ERC-ADG # 882929
Fabrication of ZnO/Cu2O heterojunctions in atmospheric conditions: Improved interface quality and solar cell performance
Zn1âxMgxO/Cu2O heterojunctions were successfully fabricated in open-air at low temperatures via atmospheric atomic layer deposition of Zn1âxMgxO on thermally oxidized cuprous oxide. Solar cells employing these heterojunctions demonstrated a power conversion efficiency exceeding 2.2% and an open-circuit voltage of 0.65V. Surface oxidation of Cu2O to CuO prior to and during Zn1âxMgxO deposition was identified as the limiting factor to obtaining a high quality heterojunction interface. Optimization of deposition conditions to minimize Cu2O surface oxidation led to improved device performance, tripling the open-circuit voltage and doubling the short-circuit current density. These values are the highest reported for a ZnO/Cu2O interface formed in air, and highlight atmospheric ALD as a promising technique for inexpensive and scalable fabrication of ZnO/Cu2O heterojunctions.Cuprous oxideSpatial atmospheric ALDZnO/Cu2O heterojunctionInorganic solar cel
Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited Zn1-xMgxO
Atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD) was used to deposit n-type ZnO and Zn1-xMgxO thin films onto p-type thermally oxidized Cu2O substrates outside vacuum at low temperature. The performance of photovoltaic devices featuring atmospherically fabricated ZnO/Cu2O heterojunction was dependent on the conditions of AP-SALD film deposition, namely, the substrate temperature and deposition time, as well as on the Cu2O substrate exposure to oxidizing agents prior to and during the ZnO deposition. Superficial Cu2O to CuO oxidation was identified as a limiting factor to heterojunction quality due to recombination at the ZnO/Cu2O interface. Optimization of AP-SALD conditions as well as keeping Cu2O away from air and moisture in order to minimize Cu2O surface oxidation led to improved device performance. A three-fold increase in the open-circuit voltage (up to 0.65 V) and a two-fold increase in the short-circuit current density produced solar cells with a record 2.2% power conversion efficiency (PCE). This PCE is the highest reported for a Zn1-xMgxO/Cu2O heterojunction formed outside vacuum, which highlights atmospheric pressure spatial ALD as a promising technique for inexpensive and scalable fabrication of Cu2O-based photovoltaics.Cambridge Overseas and Commonwealth Trust, the Rutherford Foundation of New Zealand, Girton College CambridgeERC Advanced Investigator Grant, Novox [ERC-2009-adG247276]EPSRC [RGS3717
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Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyondâfrom design to devices
Funder: Ministry of Education, TaiwanAbstract: Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed
Recommended from our members
Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyondâfrom design to devices
Funder: Ministry of Education, TaiwanAbstract: Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed
Progress and applications of (Cuâ)AgâBiâI semiconductors, and their derivatives, as next-generation lead-free materials for photovoltaics, detectors and memristors
The search for efficient but inexpensive photovoltaics over the past decade has been disrupted by the advent of lead-halide perovskite solar cells. Despite impressive rises in performance, the toxicity and stability concerns of these materials have prompted a broad, interdisciplinary community across the world to search for lead-free and stable alternatives. A set of such materials that have recently gained attention are semiconductors in the CuIâAgIâBiI3 phase space and their derivatives. These materials include ternary silver bismuth iodide compounds (AgaBibIa+3b), ternary copper bismuth iodide CuâBiâI compounds and quaternary CuâAgâBiâI materials, as well as analogues with Sb substituted into the Bi site and Br into the I site. These compounds are comprised of a cubic close-packed sub-lattice of I, with Ag and Bi occupying octahedral holes, while Cu occupies tetrahedral holes. The octahedral motifs adopted by these compounds are either spinel, CdCl2-type, or NaVO2-type. NaVO2-type AgaBibIa+3b compounds are also known as rudorffites. Many of these compounds have thus far demonstrated improved stability and reduced toxicity compared to halide perovskites, along with stable bandgaps in the 1.6â1.9 eV range, making them highly promising for energy harvesting and detection applications. This review begins by discussing the progress in the development of these semiconductors over the past few years, focusing on their optoelectronic properties and processâpropertyâstructure relationships. Next, we discuss the progress in developing AgâBiâI and CuâBiâI compounds for solar cells, indoor photovoltaics, photodetectors, radiation detectors and memristors. We conclude with a discussion of the critical fundamental questions that need to be addressed to push this area forward, and how the learnings from the wider metal-halide semiconductor field can inform future directions
Origin of Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting in Mixed Perovskite Oxides
Owing to the versatility in their chemical and physical properties,
transition metal perovskite oxides have emerged as a new category of highly
efficient photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here, to
understand the underlying mechanism for the enhanced photoelectrochemical water
splitting in mixed perovskites, we explore ideal epitaxial thin films of the
BiFeO3-SrTiO3 system. The electronic struture and carrier dynamics are
determined from both experiment and density-functional theory calculations. The
intrinsic phenomena are measured in this ideal sytem, contrasting to commonly
studied polycrstalline solid solutions where extrinsic structural features
obscure the intrinsic phenomena. We determined that when SrTiO3 is added to
BiFeO3 the conduction band minimum position is raised and an exponential tail
of trap states from hybridized Ti 3d and Fe 3d orbitals emerges near the
conduction band edge. The presence of these trap states strongly suppresses the
fast electron-hole recombination and improves the photocurrent density in the
visible-light region, up to 16 times at 0 VRHE compared to the pure end member
compositions. Our work provides a new design approach for optimising the
photoelectrochemical performance in mixed perovksite oxides.Comment: 7 pages and 5 figure
Engineering Schottky contacts in open-air fabricated heterojunction solar cells to enable high performance and ohmic charge transport.
The efficiencies of open-air processed Cu2O/Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O heterojunction solar cells are doubled by reducing the effect of the Schottky barrier between Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O and the indium tin oxide (ITO) top contact. By depositing Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O with a long band-tail, charge flows through the Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O/ITO Schottky barrier without rectification by hopping between the sub-bandgap states. High current densities are obtained by controlling the Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O thickness to ensure that the Schottky barrier is spatially removed from the p-n junction, allowing the full built-in potential to form, in addition to taking advantage of the increased electrical conductivity of the Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O films with increasing thickness. This work therefore shows that the Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O window layer sub-bandgap state density and thickness are critical parameters that can be engineered to minimize the effect of Schottky barriers on device performance. More generally, these findings show how to improve the performance of other photovoltaic system reliant on transparent top contacts, e.g., CZTS and CIGS.This work was supported by EPSRC of the UK (award number RG3717)This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from ACS at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am5058663
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