Investment in Human Capital of a Powerful Interest Group: The Case of the Medical Profession in Britain, France, Sweden and the United States from 1890 to 1970

Das Papier untersucht die Genese und Institutionalisierung der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft als Organisation für die Vertragsforschung im außeruniversitären Forschungssystem der Bundesrepublik. In der Folge interorganisatorischer Domänenkonf likte wurde die Gesellschaft in der Mitte der fünfziger Jahre zunächst aus der Forschungsfinanzierung des Bundes ausgeschlossen. Im Interesse ihrer Überlebenssicherung nutzte sie die Gelegenheit, mit Unterstützung vor allem durch das Land Baden-Württemberg in der industriellen Vertragsforschung tätig zu werden, drohte mit diesem Konzept aber an Schwellenproblemen zu scheitern. Militärische Forschungsmittel ermöglichten es der Gesellschaft, diese Schwellenprobleme zu überwinden und ein moderates, aber stabiles Wachstum der zivilen Vertragsforschung herbeizuführen. An diese Entwicklung knüpfte die Reform der Gesellschaft durch die Bundesregierung und ihr Ausbau zur Trägerorganisation in der angewandten Forschung am Anfang der siebziger Jahre lediglich an. Das "Modell Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" beruht auf institutionellen Strukturen, die sich in einem Prozeß von situativ ineinandergreifenden Verkettungen und einer daraus resultierenden pfad-abhängigen Wachstumsdynamik der Vertragsforschung herausgebildet haben.This paper examines the genesis and institutionalization of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (FhG) as an organization for contract-research in the West-German research system outside the universities. As a result of interorganizational conf licts of domain in the midf ifties, the FhG was for the time being excluded from state-funding. The society survived by taking the chance of conducting contract-research subsidized mainly by Baden-Württemberg. The concept of contractresearch, however, was on the brink of failure due to threshold-problems. Military research funds made it possible for the FhG to cross these threshold-problems and to induce a moderate but stable growth of civilian contract-research. The reformation of the society by the federal government and its extension to the mainly responsible institution in the field of applied research during the early seventies only picked up this development. The "Modell Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" is based on institutional structures which emerged in a process of situative "lock-ins" leading to a pathdependend increase of contract-research

Simulating Mars' Dust Cycle with a Mars General Circulation Model: Effects of Water Ice Cloud Formation on Dust Lifting Strength and Seasonality

The dust cycle is critically important for the current climate of Mars. The radiative effects of dust impact the thermal and dynamical state of the atmosphere [1,2,3]. Although dust is present in the Martian atmosphere throughout the year, the level of dustiness varies with season. The atmosphere is generally the dustiest during northern fall and winter and the least dusty during northern spring and summer [4]. Dust particles are lifted into the atmosphere by dust storms that range in size from meters to thousands of kilometers across [5]. Regional storm activity is enhanced before northern winter solstice (Ls~200 degrees - 240 degrees), and after northern solstice (Ls~305 degrees - 340 degrees ), which produces elevated atmospheric dust loadings during these periods [5,6,7]. These pre- and post- solstice increases in dust loading are thought to be associated with transient eddy activity in the northern hemisphere with cross-equatorial transport of dust leading to enhanced dust lifting in the southern hemisphere [6]. Interactive dust cycle studies with Mars General Circulation Models (MGCMs) have included the lifting, transport, and sedimentation of radiatively active dust. Although the predicted global dust loadings from these simulations capture some aspects of the observed dust cycle, there are marked differences between the simulated and observed dust cycles [8,9,10]. Most notably, the maximum dust loading is robustly predicted by models to occur near northern winter solstice and is due to dust lifting associated with down slope flows on the flanks of the Hellas basin. Thus far, models have had difficulty simulating the observed pre- and post- solstice peaks in dust loading

Examining Seasonal Trends of the Martian Polar Warming with the NASA Ames Mars Global Climate Model

The presented work focuses on polar warming as a diagnostic of the mean circulation to increase our understanding of processes that control the mean meridional circulation and transport in the Mars middle atmosphere. The NASA Ames Mars Global Climate Model is utilized to isolate physical processes to determine their impact on polar warming and its seasonal trends

Scouting for Thrips in Orchid Flowers

Three monitoring methods are direct observation, flower shake, and the Berlese funnel, the latter being most accurate; instructions for constructing the funnel are given

Release and Establishment of Encarsia diaspidicola (Hymenoptera: Aphelididae) Against White Peach Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Papaya

White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozetti) (He- miptera: Diaspididae) is a serious economic and quarantine pest of papaya, Carica papaya L. The parasitic wasp Encarsia diaspidicola (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was brought from Western Samoa into a quarantine containment facility in Hawaii for evaluation and potential release against white peach scale. E. diaspidicola was considered an ideal biological control candidate for release in Hawaii because it is reportedly highly host specific. Host range testing in quarantine with several exotic diaspidids and related taxa, including a native palm scale, indicated that E. dispidicola is unlikely to attack non-target species or cause harm to the environment if released for control of white peach scale in Hawaii. The Hawaii Department of Agriculture and USDA APHIS issued permits for its release. Releases of E. diaspidicola were made beginning in February 2013 in a papaya field in Kapoho on the Big Island. Yellow sticky trap monitoring suggests that the wasp has established in the area of release. Infested papaya logs are being used to spread the wasp to new areas

Strong succession in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities.

The ecology of fungi lags behind that of plants and animals because most fungi are microscopic and hidden in their substrates. Here, we address the basic ecological process of fungal succession in nature using the microscopic, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that form essential mutualisms with 70-90% of plants. We find a signal for temporal change in AMF community similarity that is 40-fold stronger than seen in the most recent studies, likely due to weekly samplings of roots, rhizosphere and soil throughout the 17 weeks from seedling to fruit maturity and the use of the fungal DNA barcode to recognize species in a simple, agricultural environment. We demonstrate the patterns of nestedness and turnover and the microbial equivalents of the processes of immigration and extinction, that is, appearance and disappearance. We also provide the first evidence that AMF species co-exist rather than simply co-occur by demonstrating negative, density-dependent population growth for multiple species. Our study shows the advantages of using fungi to test basic ecological hypotheses (e.g., nestedness v. turnover, immigration v. extinction, and coexistence theory) over periods as short as one season

Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking and Observations Support Using a Mars Global Circulation Model

This is a Final Report for a Joint Research Interchange (JRI) between NASA Ames Research Center and San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology. Using a global atmospheric circulation model for Mars, the focus of this JRI has been to provide support for the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft aerobraking activities and interpretation guidance of preliminary observations. ne primary atmospheric model applied in this investigation has been a high-top version of the NASA Ames Mars general circulation model (MGCM). Comparisons with an atmospheric model designed primarily for engineering purposes (Mars-GRAM) has also been carried out. From a suite of MGCM simulations, we have assessed plausible spatial and temporal variability in atmospheric density at high altitudes (e.g., 70-110 km) for seasonal dates and locations during Phase 1 aerobraking. Diagnostic tools have been developed to analyze circulation fields from the MGCM simulations, and these tools have been applied in the creation of a Mars climate catalogue database. Throughout Phase 1 aerobraking activities, analysis products have been provided to the MGS aerobraking atmospheric advisory group (AAG). Analyses of circulation variability at the coupling level between the MGCM and a Mars thermospheric global circulation model (MTGCM) has also been assessed. Finally, using a quasi-geostrophic dynamical formulation with the MGCM simulations, diagnosis of breaking planetary (Rossby) waves in Mars' middle atmosphere has been carried out. Titles of papers presented at scientific workshops and seminars, and a publication in the scientific literature are provided

An Intercomparison of the Dynamical Cores of Global Atmospheric Circulation Models for Mars

This is a Final Report for a Joint Research Interchange (JRI) between NASA Ames Research Center and San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology. The focus of this JRI has been to evaluate the dynamical 'cores' of two global atmospheric circulation models for Mars that are in operation at the NASA Ames Research Center. The two global circulation models in use are fundamentally different: one uses spherical harmonics in its horizontal representation of field variables; the other uses finite differences on a uniform longitude-latitude grid. Several simulations have been conducted to assess how the dynamical processors of each of these circulation models perform using identical 'simple physics' parameterizations. A variety of climate statistics (e.g., time-mean flows and eddy fields) have been compared for realistic solstitial mean basic states. Results of this research have demonstrated that the two Mars circulation models with completely different spatial representations and discretizations produce rather similar circulation statistics for first-order meteorological fields, suggestive of a tendency for convergence of numerical solutions. Second and higher-order fields can, however, vary significantly between the two models

Seniors to Seniors

https://digitalmaine.com/kennebunkport_books/1000/thumbnail.jp

Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking and Observations Support Using a Mars Global Circulation Model

This is a Final Report for a Joint Research Interchange (JRI) between NASA Ames Research Center and San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology. Using a global atmospheric circulation model for Mars, the focus of this JRI has been to provide support for the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft aerobraking activities and interpretation guidance of preliminary observations. The primary atmospheric model applied in this investigation has been a high-top version of the NASA Ames Mars general circulation model (MGCM). Comparisons with an atmospheric model designed primarily for engineering purposes (Mars-GRAM) has also been carried out. From a suite of MGCM simulations, we have assessed plausible spatial and temporal variability in atmospheric density at high altitudes (e.g., 70-110 km) for seasonal dates and locations during Phase I aerobraking. Diagnostic tools have been developed to analyze circulation fields from the MGCM simulations, and these tools have been applied in the creation of a Mars climate catalogue database. Throughout Phase I aerobraking activities, analysis products have been provided to the MGS aerobraking atmospheric advisory group (AAG). Analyses of circulation variability at the coupling level between the MGCM and a Mars thermospheric global circulation model (MTGCM) has also been assessed. Finally, using a quasi-geostrophic dynamical formulation with the MGCM simulations, diagnosis of breaking planetary (Rossby) waves in Mars' middle atmosphere has been carried out. Titles of papers presented at scientific workshops and seminars, and a publication in the scientific literature are provided