Burdens of Pleading and Proof in Discrimination Cases: Toward a Theory of Procedural Justice

If the national policy of eliminating discrimination is to be achieved, the courts--to whom the major responsibility for effectuating this goal is delegated--must establish a coherent framework for allocating the burdens of pleading and proof that provides a sensible, orderly way to evaluate the evidence in light of common experience as it bears on the critical question of discrimination. \u27 The purpose of this Article, therefore, is to propose such a coherent approach to the allocation of the burdens of pleading and proof in discrimination cases. Towards this end, part II of the Article examines the definitional and operational effect of the terms and concepts that courts traditionally use to allocate burdens, since a clear understanding of both the problem and the analytical frame-work suggested herein requires familiarity with the semantics of the burden of proof concepts. Part III then identifies the problem and its sources and considers the statutory as well as the constitutional substantive discrimination theories enunciated by the Supreme Court. Part IV of the Article discusses the basic propositions for the suggested approach, and part V explores the procedural and public policy reasons for their adoption

A Comparative Review of Public and Private Enforcement of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The efforts of the EEOC, the Department of Justice, and other federal and state agencies during the first decade of enforcement have been the subject of a great deal of commentary and review. Much of this commentary has been critical. Private enforcement of Title VII has produced the major legal developments, but these efforts have received little attention in the literature. This Article therefore will present a comparative review of governmental and private enforcement efforts under Title VII. A brief overview of the historical efforts to eliminate employment discrimination prior to Title VII is necessary to place private enforcement efforts in proper perspective. It is not the purpose of this Article to* review the development of the substantive law during the first decade of Title VII; this has been covered elsewhere. The beginning of the second decade of Title VII\u27s enforcement has produced new issues, such as reverse discrimination and quotas, whose resolution may determine whether the legal principles of employment discrimination law that developed during the first decade will remain a potent tool for the elimination of employment discrimination, or whether it will be reduced to mellifluous but hollow rhetoric. \u2

A comparison of risk-based capital and risk-based deposit insurance

A comparison of alternative bank regulatory proposals for controlling the level of bank risk, using a model based on six FDIC variables for predicting bank failure or loss.Risk ; Capital

Genetic analysis of CRISPR/cas9 basigin knockout T98 glioblastoma clones

The focus of the research in our laboratory is the transmembrane glycoprotein basigin. This interesting, multifunctional protein is involved in multiple cell processes, including embryonic development, embryo implantation into the uterus and metabolic regulation. Early studies demonstrated that basigin expression is elevated in rapidly growing cells such as cancer cells. This work suggested that releasing soluble basigin might stimulate the surrounding normal tissues to express a group of enzymes called extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs play a central role in proliferation by breaking down the extracellular matrix surrounding layers of cells. We hypothesize that basigin expressed by cancer cells can induce MMP expression in normal tissues. To test this hypothesis, we sought to generate cell lines lacking a functional Basigin gene. Our lab used CRISPR/cas9 technology to attempt to disrupt the basigin gene (BSG) in T98 glioblastoma cells with the aim of eliminating basigin expression in these cells. For this, a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) DNA sequence was targeted for insertion into BSG. The work described herein shows the genetic analysis of the potential CRISPR/cas9 Basigin knockout clones using high-fidelity Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Custom-designed oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify GFP DNA sequences from the T98 genomic DNA. The results of this study show that multiple independent T98 glioblastoma clones contain GFP DNA sequence in the genome. Future analysis of these clones will be performed to determine whether basigin protein expression was eliminated as a result of the CRISPR/cas9 targeting of the basigin gene

\u3ci\u3e Glioblastoma Derived Exosomes Induce Apoptosis in Cytotoxic T Cells Through a Fas Ligand Mediated Mechanism \u3c/i\u3e

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma multiforme deploy s a number of weapons to thwart the immune system. Within the tumor microenvironment, cytotoxic T cells fall victim to Fas ligand (FasL) induced apoptosis. In prostate and colorectal cancer, exosomes can mediate this FasL induced T cell apoptosis. Exosomes are tiny, membrane bound vesicles that are released from a cell. They contain functional mRNA and protein and have cell surface molecules representative of their parent cell. It is not known if GBM derived exosomes can also mediate FasL triggered apoptosis. In this study, the role of tumor derived exosomes as the delivery vehicle for FasL is explored. METHODS: Exosomes are isolated from the T98 cell line using differential ultracentrifugation. FasL expression in the cell line and derived exosomes is determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. GBM derived exosomes, recombinant FasL, and exosomes treated with an anti-FasL antibody are co-cultured with Jurkat A3 T cells. Apoptosis is measured using a caspase-8 luminescent assay. RESULTS: FasL is expressed by the T98 cell line and is present on the surface of the cells and their exosomes (Figure 1). Caspase-8 activation is seen in T cells treated with GBM derived exosomes and recombinant FasL, but not with exosomes treated with anti-FasL antibody or exosome free supernatant (Figure 2). CONCLUSION: GBM derived exosomes induce T cell apoptosis through a FasL mediated mechanism. This method of immune suppression has not previously been described. This research opens new avenues to antagonize GBM related immune system malfunction

Attention and novelty: An experimental investigation of order effects in multiple valuation tasks

This paper implements a novel experimental design to investigate the presence of order effects across multiple valuation tasks for consumer goods, whereby earlier goods are valued more highly than later goods. The paper presents a novel explanation of order effects, relating to attention and novelty. Typically, multiple valuation tasks for consumer goods use the same good for valuation in each task. In this experiment the type of good valued in each task is varied, allowing two potential mechanisms to be disentangled: experimental novelty effects, whereby participants become less interested with completing later tasks, and good-specific novelty effects, whereby participants become less interested with the goods used in later tasks. The results find a particular importance of the first task; goods in the first task are valued significantly higher than later valued goods, evidence of experimental novelty effects, and goods of a similar type to the good in the first task are valued significantly higher than goods of a different type to the first, evidence of good-specific novelty. The paper discusses the potential implications of these findings