Explosive Seismic Sources for the Moon

The coupling of seismic energy under vacuum conditions, such as the moon, using an untamped surface charge is different from coupling in air. In vacuum, the explosive gas blast and the detonation products continuously expand out ward and interact with the solid surface. A series of model experiments was performed to investigate the effect of vacuum on coupling seismic energy

Flood forecasting for the Buffalo Bayou using CRWR-PrePro and HEC-HMS

Center for Water and the Environmen

Saving large fish through harvest slots outperforms the classical minimum‐length limit when the aim is to achieve multiple harvest and catch‐related fisheries objectives

We address the problem of optimal size-selective exploitation in an age-structured fish population model by systematically examining how density and size dependency in growth, mortality and fecundity affect optimal harvesting patterns when judged against a set of fisheries objectives. The study offers five key insights. First, while minimum-length limits often maximize the biomass yield, exploitation using harvest slots (i.e. regulations that protect both immature and very large individuals) can generate within 95% of maximum yield; harvest slots also generally maximize the number of fish that are harvested. Second, density dependence in growth and size-dependent mortality predict more liberal optimal size limits than those derived under assumptions of no density and size dependence. Third, strong density dependence in growth maximizes the catch of trophy fish only when modest harvest is introduced; the same holds for numbers harvested, when the stock–recruitment function follows the Ricker type. Fourth, the inclusion of size-dependent maternal effects on fecundity or egg viability has only limited effects on optimal size limits, unless the increase in fecundity with mass (“hyperallometry”) is very large. However, large hyperallometry in fecundity shifts the optimal size limit for biomass yield from the traditional minimum-length limit to a harvest slot. Fifth, harvest slots generally provide the best compromises among multiple objectives. We conclude that harvest slots, or more generally dome-shaped selectivity to harvest, can outperform the standard minimum-length selectivity. The exact configuration of optimal size limits crucially depends on objectives, local fishing pressure, the stock–recruitment function, and the density and size dependency of growth, mortality and fecundity.European Maritime Fisheries Fund and State of Mecklenburg‐VorpommernPeer Reviewe

Explosive Gas Blast: The Expansion of Detonation Products in Vacuum

A series of 0.2- to 3-gm HNS charges were detonated in vacuums of 10^−3 to 10^−5 Torr. The resultant freely expanding, detonation product, gas blast achieves terminal velocities of 8 to 12 km/sec within 3 to 5 µsec after the detonation wave arrives at the free surface. Measured pressure profiles display rise times to maximum stagnation (``reflected shock'') pressure varying from ~30 µsec, 20-cm away from a 2.6-gm charge, to ~185 µsec, 127-cm away from 0.2-gm charge at 10−5 Torr. Rise times were generally shorter at 10−3 and 10−4 Torr; the 10−5 Torr values agree with numerical calculations. Using cube root scaling of charge mass, the observed peak reflected pressure as a function of range may be represented by p = 6.5 x 10^5 (bar) r'^-3.5, where r[prime] the ratio of the range to the equivalent charge radius

Water, not salt, causes most of the Seebeck effect of nonisothermal aqueous electrolytes

When two electrolyte-immersed electrodes have different temperatures, a voltage $\Delta \psi$ can be measured between them. This electrolyte Seebeck effect is usually explained by cations and anions flowing differently in thermal gradients. However, our molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous electrolytes reveal a large temperature-dependent potential drop $\chi$ near blocking electrodes caused by water layering and orientation. The difference in surface potentials at hot and cold electrodes is more important to the Seebeck effect than ionic thermodiffusion, $\Delta \psi \sim \chi_{\rm hot}-\chi_{\rm cold}$.Comment: Main text: 6 pages with 3 figures. Supplemental material: 5 pages with 5 figure

Effect of Relative Volume on Radio Transmitter Expulsion in Subadult Common Carp

Expulsion of surgically implanted radio transmitters is a problem in some fish telemetry studies. We conducted a 109-d experiment to test the hypothesis that variation in relative volume of transmitters surgically implanted in subadult common carp Cyprinus carpio would affect transmitter expulsion. We also necropsied fish at the end of the experiment to evaluate histological evidence for the mechanism of expulsion. Survival rate was high during our experiment; all control fish and 88% of the fish subjected to the implantation surgery survived. Expulsion rate was low; of the 23 fish that received transmitters and survived the experiment, only two (9%) expelled the transmitters. One of these expulsions occurred through a rupture of the incision and the other occurred via the intestine. Retained transmitters were all encapsulated by tissue, and most exhibited multiple adhesions to the intestine, gonads, and body wall. Adhesions were more numerous in fish that received larger transmitters

Activation of tetrafluoropropenes by rhodium(i) germyl and silyl complexes

The reaction of the rhodium(I) complexes [Rh(E)(PEt3)3] (E = GePh3 (1), Si(OEt)3 (5)) with HFO-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) afforded [Rh(F)(PEt3)3] (2) and the functionalized olefins Z-CF3CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH(E) (E = GePh3 (4a), Si(OEt)3 (7)). Conceivable reaction pathways were assessed using DFT calculations. Reactions of [Rh(E)(PEt3)3] with HFO-1234ze (E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) yielded the rhodium fluorido complex 2 and [Rh{(E)-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH(CF3)}(PEt3)3] (9) via two different reaction pathways. Using complexes 1 and 5 as catalysts, functionalized building blocks were obtained.DFG, 387284271, SFB 1349: Fluorine-Specific Interactions: Fundamentals and FunctionsTU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel - 201

Recreational angler preferences for, and potential effort responses to, different red snapper management approaches

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : Deidentified data that support the findings of this study are available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11123839.SUPPORTING INFORMATION : TABLE S1: The D-efficient design for choice experiment 1 and the panhandle version that includes the block number, number of responses per block, task number, trip choices, and level of attributes that included size (slot vs. minimum) and bag limit, season length, and distance from shore. This choice experiment and version surveyed respondents from Florida, USA, that launched from the panhandle to fish for red snapper 2019–2020 (n = 172). TABLE S2. The D-efficient design for choice experiment 1 and the peninsula version that includes the block number, number of responses per block, task number, trip choices, and level of attributes that included size (slot vs. minimum) and bag limit, season length, and distance from shore. This choice experiment and version surveyed respondents from Florida, USA that launched from the peninsula to fish for red snapper 2019–2020 (n = 209). TABLE S3. The D-efficient design for choice experiment 2 and the panhandle version that includes the block number, number of responses per block, task number, trip choices, and level of attributes that included management option (current management vs. harvest tag), catch size and rate, and distance from shore. This choice experiment and version surveyed respondents from Florida, USA that launched from the panhandle to fish for red snapper 2019–2020 (n = 167). TABLE S4. The D-efficient design for choice experiment 2 and the peninsula version that includes the block number, number of responses per block, task number, trip choices, and level of attributes that included management option (current management vs. harvest tag), catch size and rate, and distance from shore. This choice experiment and version surveyed respondents from Florida, USA that launched from the peninsula to fish for red snapper 2019–2020 (n = 218). TABLE S5. Demographic characteristics of respondents to a survey that asked about their experience as a red snapper angler in Florida, USA, 2019–2020 (n = 766). TABLE S6. Results (mean ± SD) of questions that asked about the respondents’ experience as a red snapper angler in Florida, USA 2019–2020 (n = 766). These questions asked about how much the respondents fished and what changes they have seen in the size and number of fish in the Gulf of Mexico. TABLE S7. Respondents’ level of support (strongly oppose–strongly support) for alternative management options of various size limits (16″ minimum vs. 14–24″ harvest slot), bag limits (1, 2, and 4 red snapper/person/trip), season lengths (15, 25, and 40 days), and harvest tag system (10 red snapper per year with no size or bag limit and no season length) (n = 766). TABLE S8. Respondents’ level of support (strongly oppose– strongly support) for alternative management options of various size limits (16″ minimum vs. 14–24″ harvest slot), bag limits (1, 2, and 4 red snapper/person/trip), season lengths (15, 25, and 40 days), and harvest tag system (10 red snapper per year with no size or bag limit and no season length) (n = 766). The factor loadings for the composite variable “harvest tag support” are listed. TABLE S9. Composite variables that were used in the two choice experiments (SPCE1 and SCPE2) that were treated as covariates in the random parameter logistic models. These covariates were created by interacting the attribute level (management option, size and bag limit, season length, and on-water distance attributes) chosen with respondents’ support for or opposition to these attribute levels. TABLE S10. Parameter estimates, standard errors, and 95% confidence intervals for multinomial logistic regression that estimated effort of management option (current management vs. harvest tag) on effort response (decrease, stay the same, and increase). Coefficients are interpreted as odds ratios relative to a reference level of the effort response “stay the same”.APPENDIX S1: SPCE survey.The Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery has been caught in a spiral of more restrictive regulations and disputed management. Current management measures have failed to reduce fishing mortality, owing in part to derby style fishing. A harvest tag system could potentially better limit fishing mortality without decreasing harvest seasons. In 2019/20 we surveyed 766 recreational anglers who fish in Florida with private boats to ascertain their preferences for regulation changes, and how they would alter their fishing effort if a harvest tag was implemented. Respondents were heterogeneous in terms of their preferences for harvest tags versus current management approaches, with most respondents preferring to maintain their current effort under the existing management approach of bag, size, and season limits. Respondents who preferred harvest tags indicated that they might increase or decrease fishing effort. Our findings suggest that more stringent regulations using current management approaches will not secure angler satisfaction or reduce fishing pressure on the red snapper stock. Harvest tags, though not preferred by all respondents, may allow regulators to better manage the number of anglers in the fishery and to rebuild the stock, although implementing this program will pose some challenges.The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/csp2hj2024Mammal Research InstituteSDG-14:Life below wate

Hydrolyzed Formula With Reduced Protein Content Supports Adequate Growth: A Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial

Objective: A high protein content of nonhydrolyzed infant formula exceeding metabolic requirements can induce rapid weight gain and obesity. Hydrolyzed formula with too low protein (LP) content may result in inadequate growth. The aim of this study was to investigate noninferiority of partial and extensively hydrolyzed formulas (pHF, eHF) with lower hydrolyzed protein content than conventionally, regularly used formulas, with or without synbiotics for normal growth of healthy term infants. Methods: In an European multi-center, parallel, prospective, controlled, double-blind trial, 402 formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to four groups: LP-formulas (1.9 g protein/100 kcal) as pHF with or without synbiotics, LP-eHF formula with synbiotics, or regular protein eHF (2.3 g protein/100 kcal). One hundred and one breast-fed infants served as observational reference group. As primary endpoint, noninferiority of daily weight gain during the first 4 months of life was investigated comparing the LP-group to a regular protein eHF group. Results: A comparison of daily weight gain in infants receiving LPpHF (2.15 g/day CI -0.18 to inf.) with infants receiving regular protein eHF showed noninferior weight gain (-3.5 g/day margin;per protocol [PP] population). Noninferiority was also confirmed for the other tested LP formulas. Likewise, analysis of metabolic parameters and plasma amino acid concentrations demonstrated a safe and balanced nutritional composition. Energetic efficiency for growth (weight) was slightly higher in LPeHF and synbiotics compared with LPpHF and synbiotics. Conclusions: All tested hydrolyzed LP formulas allowed normal weight gain without being inferior to regular protein eHF in the first 4 months of life

Optical Constants of UV Transparent EVA and the Impact on the PV Module Output Power under Realistic Irradiation

We measure and discuss the complex refractive index of conventional ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and an EVA with enhanced UV-transmission based on spectroscopic ellipsometry, transmission and reflection measurements over the wavelength range from 300-1200 nm. Ray tracing of entire solar cell modules using this optical data predicts a 1.3% increase in short circuit current density (Jsc) at standard test conditions for EVA with enhanced UV transmission. This is in good agreement with laboratory experiments of test modules that result in a 1.4% increase in Jsc by using a UV transparent instead of a conventional EVA. Further, ray tracing simulations with realistic irradiation conditions with respect to angular and spectral distribution reveal an even larger Jsc increase of 1.9% in the yearly average. This increase is largest in the summer months with an increase of up to 2.3%.German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy/032564