The formation of Afrikaans

The present work is a lightly revised version of my 1993 publication of the same title (=SPIL 27). I have corrected a number of minor but irritating typos and editorial infelicities. I have also made a few substantive changes to improve clarity and keep the work in line with my current thinking. Because this work is being distributed in South Africa and to a small number of fellow specialist-colleagues abroad, a basic knowledge of Dutch and/or Afrikaans is presupposed. Readers should note that I have made no atteit5)t to normalize the spellings in the citations from Van Rensburg (ed.) 1984-. Citations from this corpus are given diplomatically, and the transcriptions contained therein are assumed to be accurate in their morphosyntactic aspect. I am grateful to Dr. Hans den Besten (Amsterdam), Dr. Mark L. Louden (Austin), and Prof. Sarah Grey Thomason (Pittsburgh) for sharing with me their thoughts on the original version. As always, acknowledgment does not necessarily imply agreement with the positions I have taken, and I bear sole responsibility for errors of fact, omission, and interpretation, and for remaining inadequacies. Finally, I am grateful to Prof. Rudolf P. Botha and the editors of SPIL, whose patience I have surely tested. What follows remains essentially a working document that may show, I'm afraid, the hallmarks of the genre. Because this monograph is intended as a report on research in progress rather than a definitive statement, I should welcome comments and criticisms from interested readers

First Neutrino Observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The first neutrino observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are presented from preliminary analyses. Based on energy, direction and location, the data in the region of interest appear to be dominated by 8B solar neutrinos, detected by the charged current reaction on deuterium and elastic scattering from electrons, with very little background. Measurements of radioactive backgrounds indicate that the measurement of all active neutrino types via the neutral current reaction on deuterium will be possible with small systematic uncertainties. Quantitative results for the fluxes observed with these reactions will be provided when further calibrations have been completed.Comment: Latex, 7 pages, 10 figures, Invited paper at Neutrino 2000 Conference, Sudbury, Canada, June 16-21, 2000 to be published in the Proceeding

Afrikaans as Standaard Gemiddelde Europees:Wanneer ‘n lid uit sy taalarea beweeg

A recent trend in the study of Standard Average European is the extraterritorial perspective of examining the extent to which non-European languages have converged with this Sprachbund as a result of contact with one or more of its members. The present article complements this line of research in that it investigates the extent to which a European language has diverged from Standard Average European after leaving the linguistic area. The focus is on Dutch, a nuclear member of the Sprachbund, and Afrikaans, its colonial offshoot. The two languages are compared with respect to twelve of the most distinctive linguistic features of Standard Average European. Afrikaans is found to share ten of them with Dutch, including anticausative prominence and formally distinguished intensifiers and reflexives, and could therefore still be considered a core member of the Sprachbund, despite deviations in the expression of negative pronouns and the grammaticality of external possessor constructions. This relatively low degree of divergence may be attributed to the continuity from Settler Dutch to at least the variety of Afrikaans on which the standard language is based and to the important role that Dutch continued to play in the history of Afrikaans

Niclosamide Prevents the Formation of Large Ubiquitin-Containing Aggregates Caused by Proteasome Inhibition

Protein aggregation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases and has been linked to the failure to degrade misfolded and damaged proteins. In the cell, aberrant proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system that mainly targets short-lived proteins, or by the lysosomes that mostly clear long-lived and poorly soluble proteins. Both systems are interconnected and, in some instances, autophagy can redirect proteasome substrates to the lysosomes.To better understand the interplay between these two systems, we established a neuroblastoma cell population stably expressing the GFP-ubiquitin fusion protein. We show that inhibition of the proteasome leads to the formation of large ubiquitin-containing inclusions accompanied by lower solubility of the ubiquitin conjugates. Strikingly, the formation of the ubiquitin-containing aggregates does not require ectopic expression of disease-specific proteins. Moreover, formation of these focused inclusions caused by proteasome inhibition requires the lysine 63 (K63) of ubiquitin. We then assessed selected compounds that stimulate autophagy and found that the antihelmintic chemical niclosamide prevents large aggregate formation induced by proteasome inhibition, while the prototypical mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin had no apparent effect. Niclosamide also precludes the accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins and of p62 upon proteasome inhibition. Moreover, niclosamide induces a change in lysosome distribution in the cell that, in the absence of proteasome activity, may favor the uptake into lysosomes of ubiquitinated proteins before they form large aggregates.Our results indicate that proteasome inhibition provokes the formation of large ubiquitin containing aggregates in tissue culture cells, even in the absence of disease specific proteins. Furthermore our study suggests that the autophagy-inducing compound niclosamide may promote the selective clearance of ubiquitinated proteins in the absence of proteasome activity

On Reconstructing Variation in Cape Dutch (1710-1840)

No Abstract

Afrikaans: "Might it be a bit more 'South Africa'?"

Lettere En WysbegeerteAlgemene TaalwetenskapPlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]

Afrikaans and creolization

Please help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected] En WysbegeerteAlgemene Taalwetenska

Pidgins, creoles, and the creation of language

Lettere En WysbegeerteAlgemene TaalwetenskapPlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]

Foundations of a "Sane Creology"

Lettere En WysbegeerteAlgemene TaalwetenskapPlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]