Особливості планування інвестиційних проектів з відтворення виробничої потужності збиткових вуглевидобувних підприємств

Розкрито особливості планування інвестиційних проектів з відтворення виробничої потужності на збиткових вуглевидобувних підприємствах. Запропоновано алгоритм розрахунку ефективності інвестиційного проекту. Ключові слова: інвестиції, вугільна галузь, шахта, відтворення потужності, проект, очисний вибій, ефективність, собівартість, термін окупності, дисконтування.Раскрыты особенности планирования инвестиционных проектов по воспроизводству производственной мощности на убыточных угледобывающих предприятиях. Предложен алгоритм расчета эффективности инвестиционного проекта. Ключевые слова: инвестиции, угольная отрасль, шахта, воспроизводство мощности, проект, очистной забой, эффективность, себестоимость, срок окупаемости, дисконтирование.The planning of investment projects on reproduction of production capacity of unprofitable coal-mining enterprises is described. The algorithm for calculating the efficiency of the investment project is offered. Its economic efficiency has been proven. Keywords: investments, coal industry, mine, reproduction of capacity, project, stope, efficiency, prime price, period of recoupment, discounting

Титульні сторінки

Dit rapport bevat de nieuwste gegevens uit het Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) onderzoek. Dit is een landelijk representatief onderzoek naar de gezondheid en het welzijn van de schoolgaande jeugd van 11 tot en met 16 jaar. In 2013 werd dit onderzoek voor de vierde keer uitgevoerd in Nederland. Ook de ouders van scholieren zijn betrokken bij het onderzoek

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Adolescent Substance Use and Aggressive Behaviours in Multiple Structural Peer Contexts (SRCD)

Many changes in health-related behaviours occur during adolescence (Williams, Holmbeck, & Greenley, 2002). Peers play a critical role in such behaviour changes, since they can substantially influence youths’ health behaviours (Ryan, 2001). Adolescents tend to adhere to the behavioural norms (i.e., the average level of behaviour by peers) conveyed by peers in relevant peer contexts as this will likely enhance their status, which is of increasing concern to adolescents (Brown & Larson, 2009). As such, adolescents tend to be similar in behaviour to their peers (homophily; Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954). Since adolescents interact with peers in multiple contexts, adolescent are exposed to multiple, potentially opposing behavioural norms. Therefore, various peer contexts may account for behavioural similarity (Kiesner, Kerr, & Stattin, 2004) and behavioural similarity may vary across different peer contexts as a function of the specific behaviour. Typically, earlier peer homophily studies examined behavioural similarity in one peer context. The current study extended earlier research by examining homophily in three structural peer contexts (classroom, school, age-cohort). Structural peer contexts are formal, involuntary peer contexts to which adolescents belong without having any choice over their membership. Further, contrary to most other peer homophily studies, the current study investigated homophily in multiple adolescent health-risk behaviours including substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and aggressive behaviours (bullying, physical fights) in a sample of 5.642 12- to 16-year-old Dutch adolescents (264 classes, 68 schools) drawn from the 2009/2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (Roberts et al. 2009). Given the three-level hierarchical structure of the data (participants nested within classrooms nested within schools), multilevel analyses were run. Descriptive and correlational statistics are presented in Table 1.The distribution of the behaviours were positively skewed (most adolescents did not engage in them). Table 1 show that most individual scores were positively associated with the peer context profile scores (PS; i.e., the behavioural norm). Results of the final multilevel Model 5 (including all fixed and random effects) are presented in Table 2. Analyses revealed significant homophily effects of age-cohort and classroom norm on substance use, and significant homophily effects of classroom and school norm on aggressive behaviours. Cannabis use, however, was related to school norm and not classroom norm. Furthermore, age-cohort’s effect on individual alcohol use was moderated by classroom norm; age-cohort alcohol use was more strongly associated with individual alcohol use for adolescents whose classmates scored high on alcohol use (B = 1.00, SEB = .27), compared to medium classroom alcohol use (B =.50, SEB = .08) or low classroom alcohol use (B = .39, SEB = .07, all ps < .001). Thus, low classroom alcohol use weakened the effect of high age-cohort alcohol use on individual alcohol use. To conclude, substance use appears to be a more age-related phenomenon, where aggressive behaviours appear to be more affected by direct interactions (classmates) or shared environments (schoolmates). Similarly, shared environments may also play an important role in cannabis use. These results help policy makers to determine which peer context to target first to promote adolescent health

Frequent electronic media communication with friends is associated with higher adolescent substance use

Gommans R, Stevens GWJM, Finne E, Cillessen AHN, Boniel-Nissim M, ter Bogt TFM. Frequent electronic media communication with friends is associated with higher adolescent substance use. International Journal of Public Health. 2015;60(2):167-177.Objectives This study investigated the unique associations between electronic media communication (EMC) with friends and adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis), over and beyond the associations of face-to-face (FTF) interactions with friends and the average level of classroom substance use. Methods Drawn from the cross-national 2009/2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in The Netherlands, 5,642 Dutch adolescents (M-age = 14.29) reported on their substance use, EMC, and FTF interactions. Two-level multilevel analyses (participants nested within classrooms) were run. Results Electronic media communication was positively associated with adolescent substance use, though significantly more strongly with alcohol (beta = 0.15, SE beta = 0.02) than with tobacco (beta = 0.05, SE beta = 0.02, t (5,180) = 3.33, p < 0.001) or cannabis use (beta = 0.06, SE beta = 0.02, t (5,160) = 2.79, p < 0.01). Further, EMC strengthened several positive associations of FTF interactions and average classroom substance use with adolescent substance use. Conclusions Electronic media communication was uniquely associated with substance use, predominantly with alcohol use. Thus, adolescents' EMC and other online behaviors should not be left unnoticed in substance use research and prevention programs

Adolescent Substance Use and Aggressive Behaviours in Multiple Structural Peer Contexts (HBSC)

Many changes in health-related behaviours occur during adolescence (Williams, Holmbeck, & Greenley, 2002). Peers play a critical role in such behaviour changes, since they can substantially influence youths’ health behaviours (Ryan, 2001). Adolescents tend to adhere to the behavioural norms (i.e., peer context’s average engagement in behaviour) conveyed by peers in relevant peer contexts as this will likely enhance their status, which is of increasing concern to adolescents (Brown & Larson, 2009). As such, adolescents tend to be similar in behaviour to their peers (homophily; Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954). Since adolescents interact with peers in multiple contexts, adolescent are exposed to multiple, potentially opposing behavioural norms. Therefore, various peer contexts may account for behavioural similarity (Kiesner, Kerr, & Stattin, 2004) and behavioural similarity may vary across different peer contexts as a function of the specific behaviour. The current study examined homophily effects of three structural peer contexts (classroom, school, age-cohort) on adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and aggressive behaviours (bullying, physical fights) in a sample of 5.642 12- to 16-year-old Dutch adolescents (264 classes, 68 schools) drawn from the 2009/2010 HBSC study. Multilevel analyses revealed significant homophily effects of age-cohort and classroom norm on individual substance use. Cannabis use, however, was related to school norm and not classroom norm. Furthermore, age-cohort’s effect on alcohol use was moderated by classroom norm; low classroom alcohol use weakened the effect of high age-cohort alcohol use. Aggressive behaviours were significantly predicted by classroom and school norms. To conclude, substance use appears to be a more age-related phenomenon, where aggressive behaviours appear to be more affected by direct interactions (classmates) or shared environments (schoolmates). Similarly, shared environments may also play an important role in cannabis use. These results help policy makers to determine which peer context to target first to promote adolescent health

Adolescent Substance Use and Aggressive Behaviours in Multiple Structural Peer Contexts (SRCD)

Many changes in health-related behaviours occur during adolescence (Williams, Holmbeck, & Greenley, 2002). Peers play a critical role in such behaviour changes, since they can substantially influence youths’ health behaviours (Ryan, 2001). Adolescents tend to adhere to the behavioural norms (i.e., the average level of behaviour by peers) conveyed by peers in relevant peer contexts as this will likely enhance their status, which is of increasing concern to adolescents (Brown & Larson, 2009). As such, adolescents tend to be similar in behaviour to their peers (homophily; Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954). Since adolescents interact with peers in multiple contexts, adolescent are exposed to multiple, potentially opposing behavioural norms. Therefore, various peer contexts may account for behavioural similarity (Kiesner, Kerr, & Stattin, 2004) and behavioural similarity may vary across different peer contexts as a function of the specific behaviour. Typically, earlier peer homophily studies examined behavioural similarity in one peer context. The current study extended earlier research by examining homophily in three structural peer contexts (classroom, school, age-cohort). Structural peer contexts are formal, involuntary peer contexts to which adolescents belong without having any choice over their membership. Further, contrary to most other peer homophily studies, the current study investigated homophily in multiple adolescent health-risk behaviours including substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and aggressive behaviours (bullying, physical fights) in a sample of 5.642 12- to 16-year-old Dutch adolescents (264 classes, 68 schools) drawn from the 2009/2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (Roberts et al. 2009). Given the three-level hierarchical structure of the data (participants nested within classrooms nested within schools), multilevel analyses were run. Descriptive and correlational statistics are presented in Table 1.The distribution of the behaviours were positively skewed (most adolescents did not engage in them). Table 1 show that most individual scores were positively associated with the peer context profile scores (PS; i.e., the behavioural norm). Results of the final multilevel Model 5 (including all fixed and random effects) are presented in Table 2. Analyses revealed significant homophily effects of age-cohort and classroom norm on substance use, and significant homophily effects of classroom and school norm on aggressive behaviours. Cannabis use, however, was related to school norm and not classroom norm. Furthermore, age-cohort’s effect on individual alcohol use was moderated by classroom norm; age-cohort alcohol use was more strongly associated with individual alcohol use for adolescents whose classmates scored high on alcohol use (B = 1.00, SEB = .27), compared to medium classroom alcohol use (B =.50, SEB = .08) or low classroom alcohol use (B = .39, SEB = .07, all ps < .001). Thus, low classroom alcohol use weakened the effect of high age-cohort alcohol use on individual alcohol use. To conclude, substance use appears to be a more age-related phenomenon, where aggressive behaviours appear to be more affected by direct interactions (classmates) or shared environments (schoolmates). Similarly, shared environments may also play an important role in cannabis use. These results help policy makers to determine which peer context to target first to promote adolescent health

Adolescent Substance Use and Aggressive Behaviours in Multiple Structural Peer Contexts (HBSC)

Many changes in health-related behaviours occur during adolescence (Williams, Holmbeck, & Greenley, 2002). Peers play a critical role in such behaviour changes, since they can substantially influence youths’ health behaviours (Ryan, 2001). Adolescents tend to adhere to the behavioural norms (i.e., peer context’s average engagement in behaviour) conveyed by peers in relevant peer contexts as this will likely enhance their status, which is of increasing concern to adolescents (Brown & Larson, 2009). As such, adolescents tend to be similar in behaviour to their peers (homophily; Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954). Since adolescents interact with peers in multiple contexts, adolescent are exposed to multiple, potentially opposing behavioural norms. Therefore, various peer contexts may account for behavioural similarity (Kiesner, Kerr, & Stattin, 2004) and behavioural similarity may vary across different peer contexts as a function of the specific behaviour. The current study examined homophily effects of three structural peer contexts (classroom, school, age-cohort) on adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and aggressive behaviours (bullying, physical fights) in a sample of 5.642 12- to 16-year-old Dutch adolescents (264 classes, 68 schools) drawn from the 2009/2010 HBSC study. Multilevel analyses revealed significant homophily effects of age-cohort and classroom norm on individual substance use. Cannabis use, however, was related to school norm and not classroom norm. Furthermore, age-cohort’s effect on alcohol use was moderated by classroom norm; low classroom alcohol use weakened the effect of high age-cohort alcohol use. Aggressive behaviours were significantly predicted by classroom and school norms. To conclude, substance use appears to be a more age-related phenomenon, where aggressive behaviours appear to be more affected by direct interactions (classmates) or shared environments (schoolmates). Similarly, shared environments may also play an important role in cannabis use. These results help policy makers to determine which peer context to target first to promote adolescent health