Across the Indian Ocean: a remarkable example of trans-oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider [dataset]

The Migidae are a family of austral trapdoor spiders known to show a highly restricted and disjunct distribution pattern. Here, we aim to investigate the phylogeny and historical biogeography of the group, which was previously thought to be vicariant in origin, and examine the biogeographic origins of the genus Moggridgea using a dated multi-gene phylogeny. Moggridgea specimens were sampled from southern Australia and Africa, and Bertmainus was sampled from Western Australia. Sanger sequencing methods were used to generate a robust six marker molecular dataset consisting of the nuclear genes 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, XPNPEP3 and H3 and the mitochondrial gene COI. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods were used to analyse the dataset, and the key dispersal nodes were dated using BEAST. Based on our data, we demonstrate that Moggridgea rainbowi from Kangaroo Island, Australia is a valid member of the otherwise African genus Moggridgea. Molecular clock dating analyses show that the inter-specific divergence of M. rainbowi from African congeners is between 2.27–16.02 million years ago (Mya). This divergence date significantly post-dates the separation of Africa from Gondwana (95 Mya) and therefore does not support a vicariant origin for Australian Moggridgea. It also pre-dates human colonisation of Kangaroo Island, a result which is further supported by the intra-specific divergence date of 1.10–6.39 Mya between separate populations on Kangaroo Island. These analyses provide strong support for the hypothesis that Moggridgea colonised Australia via long-distance trans-Indian Ocean dispersal, representing the first such documented case in a mygalomorph spider

GA-NIFS: Black hole and host galaxy properties of two z≃\simeq6.8 quasars from the NIRSpec IFU

Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) with JWST NIRSpec will significantly improve our understanding of the first quasars, by providing spatially resolved, infrared spectroscopic capabilities which cover key rest-frame optical emission lines that have been previously unobservable. Here we present our results from the first two z>6 quasars observed as a part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) GTO program, DELS J0411-0907 at z=6.82 and VDES J0020-3653 at z=6.86. By observing the H$\beta$, [OIII], and H$\alpha$ emission lines in these high-z quasars for the first time, we measure accurate black hole masses, $M_{\rm{BH}}=1.85e9$ and $2.9e9$M$_\odot$, corresponding to Eddington ratios of $\lambda_{\rm{Edd}}=0.8$ and 0.4 for DELS J0411-0907 and VDES J0020-3653 respectively. These provide a key comparison for existing estimates from the more uncertain MgII line. We perform quasar-host decomposition using models of the quasars' broad lines to measure the underlying host galaxies. We also discover multiple emission line regions surrounding each of the host galaxies, which are likely companion galaxies undergoing mergers with these hosts. We measure the star formation rates, excitation mechanisms, and dynamical masses of the hosts and companions, measuring the $M_{\rm{BH}}/M_{\rm{dyn}}$ ratios at high-z using these estimators for the first time. DELS J0411-0907 and VDES J0020-3653 both lie above the local black hole--host mass relation, and are consistent with the existing observations of $z\gtrsim6$ quasar host galaxies with ALMA. We detect ionized outflows in [OIII] and H$\beta$ from both quasars, with mass outflow rates of 58 and 525 M$_{\odot}$/yr for DELS J0411-0907 and VDES J0020-3653, much larger than their host star formation rates of <33 and <54 M$_\odot$/yr. This work highlights the exceptional capabilities of the JWST NIRSpec IFU for observing quasars in the early Universe.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures. Resubmitted to A&A after significant revisions. If you have cited values from our first version, please check this version and update accordingly, as many values have changed slightly thanks to improvements in our analysi

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society

Blakistonia aurea Hogg 1902

&lt;i&gt;Blakistonia aurea&lt;/i&gt; Hogg, 1902 &lt;p&gt;(Figs 5 A&ndash;L, 6A&ndash;I)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia aurea&lt;/i&gt; Hogg, 1902: 132, fig. 25B&ndash;E, pl. 13, figs 1&ndash;2. Simon, 1903: 903, figs 1051, 1056&ndash;1057. Rainbow &amp; Pulleine, 1918: 104, pl. 13, fig. 8, pl. 14, fig. 6, pl. 15, fig. 7. Main, 1964: 30, figs A&ndash;G. Main, 1985: 40, figs 146&ndash; 157, 203&ndash;204, 211&ndash;212. Rix &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 2017c: 586, figs 43, 45, 49&ndash;51.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Aganippe villosa&lt;/i&gt; Rainbow &amp; Pulleine, 1918: 96, pl. 21, fig. 44 (synonymised by Main, 1985: 40).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material&lt;/b&gt; (of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;aurea&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;b&gt; AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; male syntype, Lower North Road, Adelaide; 4 female syntypes, Blakiston and Mount Lofty Ranges (purportedly BMNH, SAM; presumed lost).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Type material (of &lt;i&gt;A. villosa&lt;/i&gt;). AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; female holotype, Bridgewater (AMS KS6156; examined).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined&lt;/b&gt; (exemplar specimens for descriptions and variation). &lt;b&gt; AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; 1 male, Valley View, 34&deg;50&rsquo;29&rdquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;41&rdquo;E, 3 April 2013, hand collected, W. Chau (SAM NN29564); 1 female, Echunga, 35&deg;7&rsquo;9S, 138&deg;48&rsquo;10&rdquo;, 20 March 2015 (SAM NN29623 DNA); 1 female, Moralana Drive, 31&deg;43&rsquo;06&rdquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;52&rdquo;E, 4 May 2013, dug from burrow in dry grass paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29577 DNA); 1 female, Maitland-Ardrossan Road, 34&deg;23&rsquo;21&rdquo;S, 137&deg;43&rsquo;28&rdquo;E, 6 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry verge next to paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29590 DNA); 1 female, Pages Flat, off Pages Flat Road, 35&deg;20&rsquo;24&rdquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;37&rdquo;E, 3 September 2013, dug from burrow on dry roadside with sparse grass, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29601 DNA); 1 female, Norton Summit, 34&deg;55&rsquo;04&rdquo;S, 138&deg;44&rsquo;37&rdquo;, 30 April 2015, dug from burrow in mossy clay bank, S.E. Harrison, N. Birks (SAM NN29630 DNA); 1 male, Satsuma Crescent, Golden Grove, 34&deg;46&rsquo;56&rdquo;S, 138&deg;43&rsquo;9&rdquo;, 1 June 2015, hand drowned in water in tarpaulin, A.J. Lewis (SAM NN29633 DNA); 1 male, Morgan, 34&deg;2&rsquo;7.12&rdquo;S, 139&deg;40&rsquo;20&rdquo;, 15 June 2015, hand wandering at night, M. Newton (SAM NN29634 DNA); 1 male, Pyap, Murray Mallee, 34&deg;27&rsquo;S, 140&deg;29&rsquo;40&rdquo;E, 17 June 1991, hand collected from house verandah after rain, L.N. Nicolson (SAM NN20078 DNA); 1 male, Mitcham, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;E, 25 March 1979, hand collected at night under porchlight, R.V. Southcott (SAM NN20047); 1 male, Weetootla Well, Balcanoona Creek, Flinders Ranges, 30&deg;29&rsquo;S, 139&deg;13&rsquo;E, 8 May 1989, pitfall, D. Hirst (SAM NN20096). &lt;b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Victoria&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; 1 male, Mildura, 34&deg;32&rsquo;S, 142&deg;12&rsquo;E, 23 July 1992, P. Hudson (SAM NN20082). &lt;b&gt; &lt;i&gt;New South Wales&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; 1 female, Eaglehawk Station, 32&deg;21&rsquo;S, 141&deg;43&rsquo;E, N. Birks (SAM NN29615 DNA).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; 1 male, Crystal Brook Golf Course, Mid- North, 33&deg;21&rsquo;S, 138&deg;12&rsquo;E, 12 April 1998, hand collected after rain, D. Hirst (SAM NN20006); 1 male, Crystal Brook Golf Course, Mid-North, 33&deg;21&rsquo;S, 138&deg;12&rsquo;E, 12 April 1998, hand collected after rain, D. Hirst (SAM NN20007); 1 male, Windsor Gardens, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;52&rsquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;E, May 1994, D. Hirst (SAM NN20009); 1 male, Crystal Brook Golf Course, Mid-North, 33&deg;21&rsquo;S, 138&deg;12&rsquo;E, 29 March 1991, dug from burrow, H. Kairl (SAM NN20013); 1 male, Angaston, Mt Lofty Ranges, 34&deg;30&rsquo;S, 139&deg;03&rsquo;E, 23 March 1950 (SAM NN20015); 1 male, Para Wirra National Park, North Oval, 34&deg;42&rsquo;40&rdquo;S, 138&deg;49&rsquo;34&rdquo;E, 25 April 1989, hand collected, dead, from &lt;i&gt;Latrodectus hasseltii&lt;/i&gt; web, D. Hirst (SAM NN20016); 1 male, Para Hills, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;48&rsquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;E, 9 March 1982, hand collected from lounge room of house, T. Morley (SAM NN20017); 1 male, Parafield Gardens, Adelaide, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;46&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 13 April 1972, hand collected from floor of house, J. Hall (SAM NN20022); 1 male, Monarto, Murray Mallee, 35&deg;04&rsquo;S, 139&deg;07&rsquo;E, 23 May 1978, S. Gifford (SAM NN20023); 1 male, Magill, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;54&rsquo;S, 138&deg;40&rsquo;E, 4 May 1994, G. Davies (SAM NN20024); 1 male, Adelaide, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;56&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, March 1988, hand collected from swimming pool (SAM NN20025); 1 male, Two Wells, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;35&rsquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;E, 1 April 1994, hand collected after light rain, J.A. Mcmara (SAM NN20026); 1 male, Two Wells, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;35&rsquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;E, 1 April 1994, hand collected after light rain, J.A. Mcmara (SAM NN20027); 1 male, Hawthorn, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 15 March 1985, S. Barker (SAM NN20029); 3 males, Hawthorn, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 30 March 1988, S. Barker (SAM NN20031&ndash;3); 1 male, Windsor Gardens, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;52&rsquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;E, 22 March 1989, D. Hirst (SAM NN20034); 1 male, Magill, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;54&rsquo;S, 138&deg;40&rsquo;E, May 1967, R. Briggs (SAM NN20035); 1 male, Adelaide, St Peters College, Mt Lofty Ranges, 34&deg;55&rsquo;S, 138&deg;40&rsquo;E, 23 March 1953, D. McEwen and N. Birks (SAM NN20038); 1 male, Blackwood, Mt Lofty Ra., 35&deg;01&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, April 1967, hand collected from bathroom, Mrs Kenny (SAM NN20039); 1 male, Wayville, Adelaide, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;56&rsquo;S, 138&deg;35&rsquo;E, 2 July 2011 (SAM NN20040); 1 male, Edwardstown, 12 Price Street, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;59&rsquo;S, 138&deg;34&rsquo;E, 12 April 1989, D. Jones (SAM NN20043); 1 male, Edwardstown, 12 Price Street, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;59&rsquo;S, 138&deg;34&rsquo;E, 12 April 1989, D. Jones (SAM NN20044); 1 male, Langhorne Creek, 35&deg;25&rsquo;S, 139&deg;15&rsquo;E, August 1997, R. Eckert (SAM NN20050); 1 male, Mitcham, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;E, 28 March 1984, hand collected wandering below porch light, R.V. Southcott (SAM NN20051); 1 male, Mitcham, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;E, 12 April 1978, R.V. Southcott (SAM NN20052); 1 male, Blackwood, Mt Lofty Ranges, 35&deg;01&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, April 1967, hand collected from bathroom, Mrs Kenny (SAM NN20060); 1 male, Blackwood, Mt Lofty Ranges, 35&deg;01&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, April 1967, hand collected from bathroom, Mrs Kenny (SAM NN20061); 1 male, Old Boolcoomata, Olary Plains, 32&deg;10&rsquo;36&rdquo;S, 140&deg;18&rsquo;04&rdquo;E, August 1996, pitfall, North Olary Plains Survey, (SAM NN20109); 1 male, Hawthorn, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 2 April 1981, found dead in swimming pool, S. Barker (SAM NN20661); 1 male, Hawthorn, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 2 April 1981, found dead in swimming pool, S. Barker (SAM NN20662); 5 males, Belair National Park, Mt Lofty Ranges, 35&deg;01&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, April 1967, hand collected from bathroom, Mrs Kenny (SAM NN20678&ndash;52); 1 male, Adelaide Plains, 34&deg;54&rsquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;E, 3 April 2004, S. Bishop (SAM NN22302); 1 male, Tracy, Mid-North, 33&deg;13&rsquo;50&rdquo;S, 139&deg;02&rsquo;34&rdquo;E, 27 Oct&ndash;1 Nov 2003, pitfall, Mid North &amp; Yorke Peninsula Survey (SAM NN22401); 1 male, Happy Valley, Mt Lofty Ranges, 35&deg;04&rsquo;S, 138&deg;34&rsquo;E, 11 May 2016, found wandering around while raining, M. Wilkinson (SAM NN28533); 1 female, Hallett, 33&deg;20&rsquo;27&rdquo;S, 138&deg;54&rsquo;10&rdquo;E, 15 March 2013, dug from burrow dug from burrow in dry grass paddock, S.E. Harrison, J. Schofield (SAM NN29556 DNA); 1 female, Teliqua Field Site, off Eastern Road, north east of Burra, 33&deg;36&rsquo;39&rdquo;S, 138&deg;59&rsquo;14&rdquo;E, 16 March, dug from burrow in dry grass paddock, S.E. Harrison, J. Clayton (SAM NN29557 DNA); 1 female, same data except 33&deg;37&rsquo;05&rdquo;S, 138&deg;59&rsquo;17&rdquo;E, 16 March (SAM NN29558 DNA); 2 females, same data except 33&deg;36&rsquo;58&rdquo;S, 138&deg;59&rsquo;24&rdquo;E, 15 March 2013, (SAM NN29559 DNA, NN29560 DNA); 3 females, reserve off East Terrace, Adelaide CBD, 34&deg;55&rsquo;42&rdquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;02&rdquo;E, 20 March 2013, dug from burrow in dry creek bank, S.E. Harrison, N. Birks (SAM NN29561 DNA, NN29562 DNA, NN29563 DNA); 1 male, 14 Nanette Drive, Valley View, 34&deg;50&rsquo;29&rdquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;41&rdquo;E, 3 April 2013, found in shed, W. Chau (SAM NN29564); 2 females, on road to Mount Middleback, off Port Lincoln Highway, south west of Whyalla, 33&deg;11&rsquo;16&rdquo;S, 137&deg;15&rsquo;13&rdquo;E, 2 May 2013, dug from burrow near paddock fence in saltbush paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29567 DNA, NN29568 DNA); 2 females, Pichi Richi Park, Pichi Richi Pass, Flinders Ranges, 32&deg;25&rsquo;46&rdquo;S, 137&deg;58&rsquo;16&rdquo;E, 3 May 2013, dug from burrow in dry grass, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29570 DNA, NN29571 DNA); 1 female, Burnt Down Creek, Hilder Road, off Horrocks Highway, 32&deg;24&rsquo;51&rdquo;S, 138&deg;06&rsquo;53&rdquo;E, 3 May 2013, dug from burrow near creek bed, in dry grass/scrub, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29574 DNA); 1 female, Wilmington-Hammond Road, off Horrocks Highway, 32&deg;36&rsquo;33&rdquo;S, 138&deg;08&rsquo;02&rdquo;E, 3 May 2013, dug from burrow under gum trees on road verge, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29575 DNA); 1 female, Nectar Brook Road, off Main North Road, 32&deg;37&rsquo;02&rdquo;S, 137&deg;59&rsquo;40&rdquo;E, 3 May 2013, dug from burrow on rocky road verge next to dry grass paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29576); 1 female, Moralana Scenic Drive, before Black Gap, 31&deg;42&rsquo;56&rdquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;45&rdquo;E, 4 May 2013, dug from burrow under large gum trees, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29578 DNA); 1 female, Survey Road (dirt road between Melrose and Port Germein), 32&deg;50&rsquo;48&rdquo;S, 138&deg;10&rsquo;53&rdquo;E, 5 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry creek bank in paddock under gumtree, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29579 DNA); 1 female, Lindsay Terrace, Kadina, 33&deg;57&rsquo;25&rdquo;S, 137&deg;43&rsquo;07&rdquo;E, 5 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry grassy verge, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29581 DNA); 1 female, Lindsay Terrace, Kadina, 33&deg;57&rsquo;25&rdquo;S, 137&deg;43&rsquo;07&rdquo;E, 5 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry grassy verge, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29583 DNA); 1 female, Hicky&rsquo;s Drive, Coobowie, 35&deg;01&rsquo;42&rdquo;S, 137&deg;45&rsquo;42&rdquo;E, 6 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry verge next to paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29584 DNA); 3 juveniles, Saint Vincent Highway, Port Vincent, 34&deg;46&rsquo;44&rdquo;S, 137&deg;50&rsquo;08&rdquo;E, 6 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry verge next to paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29587 DNA); 1 female, Arthurton Road, 34&deg;21&rsquo;58&rdquo;S, 137&deg;49&rsquo;46&rdquo;E, 6 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry verge next to paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29588 DNA); 1 female, Honnor Road (off Minlaton-Maitland Road), 34&deg;23&rsquo;52&rdquo;S, 137&deg;39&rsquo;59&rdquo;E, 7 May 2013, dug from burrow in dry grass paddock near fence, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29592 DNA); 1 female, Lake Fowler Road (at intersection of Edithbourgh Road and Yorketown Road), 35&deg;03&rsquo;35&rdquo;S, 137&deg;38&rsquo;45&rdquo;E, 8 May 2013, dug from burrow in dry grass paddock near fence, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29593 DNA); 1 female, on unnamed road from Port Moorowie toward Yorketown (extension of McEacherns Beach Road), 35&deg;04&rsquo;24&rdquo;S, 137&deg;32&rsquo;01&rdquo;E, 8 May 2013, dug from burrow on dry verge next to paddock, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29594 DNA); 3 females, 8 Whitewood Drive, Upper Sturt, 35&deg;01&rsquo;04&rdquo;S, 138&deg;41&rsquo;26&rdquo;E, 28 July 2013, dug from burrow on steep clay bank, S.E. Harrison, N. Birks (SAM NN29596 DNA, NN29697 DNA, NN29798 DNA); 2 females, Pages Flat, off Pages Flat Road, 35&deg;20&rsquo;24&rdquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;37&rdquo;E, 3 September 2013, dug from burrow on dry roadside with sparse grass, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29599 DNA, NN29600 DNA); 1 female, Orroroo, off Orroroo-Peterborough Road, 32&deg;44&rsquo;12&rdquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;05&rdquo;E, 12 November 2013, dug from burrow in mallee trees next to road, M.G. Rix, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29605 DNA); 3 females, Beetaloo Reservoir, on road to entrance, near gate, 33&deg;12&rsquo;38&rdquo;S, 138&deg;13&rsquo;34&rdquo;E, 2 April 2014, dug from burrow in mossy, grassy bank, S.E. Harrison, M.S. Harvey (SAM NN29608 DNA, NN29609 DNA, NN229610 DNA); 3 females, Cobbler Creek, in reserve, 34&deg;46&rsquo;9&rdquo;S, 138&deg;40&rsquo;21&rdquo;E, 16 October 2014, dug from burrow in clay bank of Nature Reserve, A. Lewis (SAM NN29611 DNA, NN29612 DNA, NN29613 DNA); 1 female, Morphett Vale, 35&deg;08&rsquo;01&rdquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;4&rdquo;E, 15 May 2013, hand collected in garden, N. Birks (SAM NN29614 DNA); 2 females, Black Hill Conservation Park, 34&deg;51&rsquo;46&rdquo;S, 138&deg;43&rsquo;26&rdquo;, 22 December 2014, dug from burrow in natural clay bank, S.E. Harrison, M.L. Harrison (SAM NN29620 DNA, NN29621 DNA); 1 female, Antsey Hill Conservation Park, Lower North East Road, Horton, 34&deg;50&rsquo;28&rdquo;S, 138&deg;44&rsquo;44&rdquo;, 1 April 2015, dug from burrow in high rocky bank on side of road, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29624 DNA); 1 female, 42&ndash;43 Lower North East Road, Houghton, 34&deg;49&rsquo;48&rdquo;S, 138&deg;45&rsquo;34&rdquo;, 1 April 2015, dug from burrow in very hard rocky bank, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29625 DNA); 2 females, Para Wirra Conservation Park, Yattalunga, 34&deg;41&rsquo;28&rdquo;S, 138&deg;49&rsquo;30&rdquo;, 1 April 2015, dug from burrow in clay bank, S.E. Harrison, B. Horton (SAM NN29627 DNA, NN29628 DNA); 1 juvenile, same data (SAM NN29629 DNA); 1 female, Teringie Drive, Norton Summit, 34&deg;54&rsquo;46&rdquo;S, 138&deg;42&rsquo;35&rdquo;, 30 April 2015, dug from burrow in driveway cutting, S.E. Harrison, N. Birks (SAM NN29631 DNA); 1 female, Beetaloo reservoir, on road to entrance, near gate, 33&deg;12&rsquo;38&rdquo;S, 138&deg;13&rsquo;34&rdquo;E, 5 May 2014, dug from burrow in mossy, grassy bank, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29632); 1 female, Belair National Park, 35&deg;00&rsquo;18&rdquo;S, 138&deg;38&rsquo;07&rdquo;, 20 August 2015, dug from burrow in mossy bank on side of walking trail, S.E. Harrison, D. Stringer and A. Lewis (SAM NN29637 DNA); 1 female, Brown Hill Conservation Park, 34&deg;59&rsquo;14&rdquo;S, 138&deg;39&rsquo;11&rdquo;E, 16 February 2016, dug from burrow in mossy bank on side of walking trail, S.E. Harrison, D. Bass (SAM NN29640 DNA); 1 female, Mount Crawford Forest Reserve, 34&deg;42&rsquo;41&rdquo;S, 138&deg;55&rsquo;57&rdquo;E, 16 February 2016, dug from burrow in clay bank next to roadside, S.E. Harrison, M. Harrison (SAM NN29641 DNA); 1 female, Kapunda, 34&deg;20&rsquo;28&rdquo;S, 138&deg;58&rsquo;36&rdquo;E, 2 December 2014, pulled out of burrow with optiscope, J. Clayton (SAM NN29796 DNA); 1 female, Terowie, 33&deg;15&rsquo;28&rdquo;S, 138&deg;54&rsquo;26&rdquo;, 2 April 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29797 DNA); 1 female, Burra, 33&deg;40&rsquo;44&rdquo;S, 138&deg;57&rsquo;43&rdquo;E, 27 September 2014, pulled out of burrow with optiscope, J. Clayton (SAM NN29798 DNA); 1 female, Tiliqua Reserve, 33&deg;36&rsquo;51&rdquo;S, 138&deg;59&rsquo;8&rdquo;E, 15 July 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29799 DNA); 1 female, Burra, 33&deg;40&rsquo;44&rdquo;S, 138&deg;57&rsquo;43&rdquo;E, 23 September 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29801 DNA); 1 female, Tiliqua Reserve, 33&deg;36&rsquo;51&rdquo;S, 138&deg;59&rsquo;8&rdquo;E, 15 July 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29802 DNA); 1 female, Burra, 33&deg;40&rsquo;44&rdquo;S, 138&deg;57&rsquo;43&rdquo;E, 27 September 2014, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29803 DNA); 1 female, Kapunda, 33&deg;20&rsquo;28&rdquo;S, 138&deg;58&rsquo;36&rdquo;E, 2 December 2014, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29804 DNA); 1 female, Jamestown, 33&deg;16&rsquo;6&rdquo;S, 138&deg;37&rsquo;21&rdquo;E, 23 February 2015, pulled out of burrow with optiscope, J. Clayton (SAM NN29806 DNA); 1 female, Hallett, 33&deg;20&rsquo;9&rdquo;S, 138&deg;53&rsquo;18&rdquo;E, 18 July 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29807 DNA); 1 female, Baldina station, near Burra, 33&deg;39&rsquo;54&rdquo;S, 139&deg;2&rsquo;2&rdquo;E, 18 July 2013, dug from burrow, J. Clayton (SAM NN29808 DNA); 1 male, Mallala, 34&deg;27&rsquo;S, 138&deg;31&rsquo;E, 1900 (KS.43729); 1 male, Hawthorn, 29 Angas Road, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 17 May 1969, S. Barker (WAM T 141078); 2 males, Torrens Gorge, Adelaide, 34&deg;51&rsquo;S, 138&deg;44&rsquo;E, 20 March 1974, S. Barker (WAM T 141079); 1 male, Hawthorn, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 1 April 1983, S. Barker (WAM T 141080); 3 males, Hawthorn, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 1 April 1983, S. Barker (WAM T 141081 &ndash;3); 1 male, Westbourne Park, 60 Monmouth Road, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;35&rsquo;E, 4 August 1954, K. Main (WAM T 141098); 1 male, Dublin, 34&deg;27&rsquo;S, 138&deg;21&rsquo;E, 16 May 1986, B.Y. Main (WAM T 141105); 2 males, Hawthorn, 34&deg;58&rsquo;S, 138&deg;36&rsquo;E, 18 April 1986, S. Barker (WAM T 141115). &lt;i&gt;Victoria:&lt;/i&gt; 1 female, Chinkapook, off Pier-Millan-Chinkapook Road, 35&deg;11&rsquo;20&rdquo;S, 142&deg;56&rsquo;16&rdquo;E, 13 November 2013, dug from burrow in mallee woodland, M.G. Rix, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29606 DNA); 1 female, Meringur Flora and Fauna Reserve, N. of Meringur, 34&deg;22&rsquo;01&rdquo;S, 141&deg;20&rsquo;04&rdquo;E, 14 November 2013, dug from burrow in &lt;i&gt;Casuarina&lt;/i&gt; woodland, M.G. Rix, S.E. Harrison (SAM NN29607 DNA).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Males of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;aurea&lt;/i&gt; can be distinguished from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;plata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;birksi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B. newtoni&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;hortoni&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;parva&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;olea&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tariae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;carnarvon&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;raveni&lt;/i&gt; by the prolateral clasping spurs on tibia I, each with raised cuticular bases and bearing multiple terminal peg-like macrosetae (Fig. 5 G&ndash;I); from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;bella&lt;/i&gt;, by the absence of a dark dorsal cardiac stripe (Fig. 5A); from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;pidax&lt;/i&gt;, by the presence of thickened spine-like setae on the cymbium (Fig. 5 J&ndash;L); from those of &lt;i&gt;B. emmottorum&lt;/i&gt;, by the square eye group (Fig. 5D); from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tunstilli&lt;/i&gt;, by the spinules of the palpal tibia being similar to or only slightly shorter in length to those on the RTA (Fig. 5J, L); and from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;gemmelli&lt;/i&gt;, by the relatively long RTA (with the field of RTA spinules extending further onto the tibia) (Fig. 5J), and by the moderate to weak abdominal pattern (Fig. 5A). Females of &lt;i&gt;B. aurea&lt;/i&gt; can be distinguished from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;bassi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;mainae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;wingellina&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;nullarborensis&lt;/i&gt; by the combined absence of a trapezoidal eye group (Fig. 6D), the absence of golden hairs on the carapace and the absence of dark brown on the book lungs (in contrast to abdomen colour) (Fig. 6C); from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;birksi&lt;/i&gt; by abdominal chevrons being lighter brown (as opposed to chevrons being dark brown to black) (Fig. 6A); and from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt; by the presence of labial cuspules (Fig. 6E, F).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; All life stages of &lt;i&gt;B. aurea&lt;/i&gt; can also be distinguished from those of other species with sequence data except &lt;i&gt;B. bassi&lt;/i&gt; by the following nucleotide substitutions (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 71 specimens): T(547), A or G(549); and from those of &lt;i&gt;B. bassi&lt;/i&gt; by the following nucleotide substitutions: T(68), T(102), C(199), T(216), A(255), G(264), T(336), C(339), A(367), T(426), G(433), C(462), C(470), T(479), G(520), C(535), G(546).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Male&lt;/i&gt; (SAM NN29564). Medium-sized idiopid spider (total length 16.3).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Colour&lt;/i&gt; (in ethanol; Fig. 5 A&ndash;C): Carapace, legs and pedipalp golden-brown, with darker line between fovea and eye group (

Blakistonia pidax Harrison & Rix & Harvey & Austin 2018, sp. n.

&lt;i&gt;Blakistonia pidax&lt;/i&gt;, sp. n. &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 23 A&ndash;L)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Type material. AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Holotype male, Strangways Springs, 29&deg;08&rsquo;14&rdquo;S, 136&deg;34&rsquo;00&rdquo;E, 25&ndash;30 September 1995, pitfall trap, D.E.L.M. Stony Deserts Survey (SAM NN20064 DNA). Paratype: 1 male, same data (SAM NN20065).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Males of &lt;i&gt;B. pidax&lt;/i&gt; can be distinguished from those of &lt;i&gt;B. maryae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;plata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B. birksi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;newtoni&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;hortoni&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;parva&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;olea&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tariae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;carnarvon&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;raveni&lt;/i&gt; by the presence of prolateral clasping spurs on tibia I, each with raised cuticular bases and bearing multiple terminal peg-like macrosetae (Fig. 23 G&ndash;I); and from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;bella&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tunstilli&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;emmottorum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;gemmelli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B. aurea&lt;/i&gt; by the absence of spinules on the cymbium (Fig. 23 J&ndash;L). Females are unknown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; All life stages of &lt;i&gt;B. pidax&lt;/i&gt; can also be distinguished from those of other species with sequence data by the following nucleotide substitutions (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1 specimen): G(128), T(198), T(327), T(378), C(459), T(519), A(538) and the following unique motif: TA(321&ndash;322).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Holotype male&lt;/i&gt; (SAM NN20064). Medium idiopid spider (total length 10.2).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Colour&lt;/i&gt; (in ethanol; Fig. 23 A&ndash;C): Carapace, legs and pedipalp uniform pale golden orange-brown (Fig. 23A); sternum, labium and maxillae very similar, sternum darker towards anterior margins; chelicerae slightly darker than carapace (Fig. 23E, F); abdomen golden orange-brown with distinctive pattern of seven mottled dark chevrons dorsally not laterally (Fig. 23A, C).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Cephalothorax&lt;/i&gt;: Carapace 4.6 long, 3.9 wide, 3.3 high,1.2 times longer than wide; oval (Fig. 23A), caput low, ocular area raised (Fig. 23C); cuticle smooth, with pits outward from fovea and both sides of caput; fovea straight; distinct row of setae from halfway between fovea and eye group to eye group, culminating in a group of longer, thickened setae directly posterior to eye group; smaller fine setae also scattered very sparsely across the carapace, concentrated and form fringe around lateral margins; median clump of thickened setae on clypeus (Fig. 23D). Length of median clypeus less than 1.0; anterior margin slightly convex. Eye group 0.8 wide, 0.7 long, 0.2 of carapace width; anterior eye row strongly procurved, PLE&ndash;PLE/ALE&ndash;ALE ratio 1.1; posterior eye row straight; AME &lt;i&gt;ca&lt;/i&gt;. two-thirds of ALE and separated by about AME diameter; ALE and PLE separated by about twice ALE diameter; PME about two-thirds of the size of AME and only slightly smaller than PLE, and separated from PLE by about its own diameter (Fig. 23D). Labium without cuspules (Fig. 23F). Sternum 2.9 long, 2.2 wide, evenly setose; three pairs of small sigilla (Fig. 23E). Maxillae without cuspules (Fig. 23E, F).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Legs&lt;/i&gt;: moderately setose and very sparsely spinose; tarsi I, II ventrally swollen; tarsi I II weakly scopulate (Fig. 23 G&ndash;I). Paired tarsal claws: leg I p8 (8 large) 75 (6 large, 1 small); leg II p8 (8 large), r5 (4 large, 1 small); leg III p4 (3 large, 1 small), r5 (4 large, 1 small); leg IV p5 (4 large, 1 small), r5 (2 large, 3 small).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Spination&lt;/i&gt;: Tibia I with prolateral clasping spurs, distal-most spur with 2 terminal peg-like macrosetae, proximal-most with 3 terminal peg-like macrosetae (Fig. 23 G&ndash;I). Leg II without spines. Leg III: patella p4; metatarsus p2, r2; tarsus p4, r1. Leg IV: metatarsus p5, r2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Leg and pedipalp measurements&lt;/i&gt;: Length of legs IV&gt; I&gt; II&gt; III. Leg I: femur 4.3 patella 2.0, tibia 3.1, metatarsus 3.1, tarsus 1.7, total = 14.2. Leg II: femur 4.3, patella 2.1, tibia 3.0, metatarsus 3.0, tarsus 1.7, total = 14.1. Leg III: femur 3.7, patella 1.6, tibia 2.1, metatarsus 1.9, tarsus 1.9, total = 13.0. Leg IV: femur 4.2, patella 2.3, tibia 4.1, metatarsus 4.9, tarsus 2.4, total = 18.1. Pedipalp: femur 2.3, patella 1.0, tibia 2.2, tarsus 1.1, total = 6.6.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pedipalp&lt;/i&gt;: All segments without spines; patella with thickened ventral setae distally; tibia short and swollen, RTA short, thin and pointed, covered in dense spinules in line &lt;i&gt;ca.&lt;/i&gt; as wide as apophysis halfway to distal tibia, becoming only slightly sparser; long, erect setae ventrally; bulb uniform, globular; embolus simple, slender, tapering, slightly twisted with a flanged tip, slightly longer than length of bulb; cymbium covered in rows of sparse, thickened setae, becoming longer closer to distal edge (Fig. 23 J&ndash;L).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Abdomen&lt;/i&gt;: Setose, oval, dorsal sigilla not evident; 5.6 long, 3.2 wide (Fig. 23A).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Variation (n=2):&lt;/i&gt; Carapace 4.4&ndash;4.6 long, 3.5&ndash;3.9 wide, no labial cuspules. Spination: leg III patella p4, metatarsus p2, r1-3. Leg IV: metatarsus p4-5, r1-2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; The specific name is taken from the Greek &lt;i&gt;pidax&lt;/i&gt; (meaning &lsquo;spring&rsquo;), and refers to the location where the species was found.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia pidax&lt;/i&gt; is known only from Strangways Springs, south-west of Lake Eyre in central South Australia (Fig. 32).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; This male was collected in a pitfall trap during the &lsquo;Stony Deserts Biological Survey&rsquo;, which was conducted between 1994 and 1997 (see Brandle 1998).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Harrison, Sophie E., Rix, Michael G., Harvey, Mark S. &amp; Austin, Andrew D., 2018, Systematics of the Australian spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Blakistonia Hogg (Araneae: Idiopidae), pp. 1-76 in Zootaxa 4518 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4518.1.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2609500"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/2609500&lt;/a&gt

Blakistonia hortoni Harrison & Rix & Harvey & Austin 2018, sp. n.

&lt;i&gt;Blakistonia hortoni&lt;/i&gt;, sp. n. &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 14 A&ndash;L)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Type material. AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Holotype male, Mount Crawford Forest Reserve, Mount Lofty Ranges, 34&deg;42&rsquo;S, 138&deg;58&rsquo;E, 27 May&ndash;9 September 1988, pitfall, R. Tuckwell (SAM NN20090). Paratypes: 8 males, same data (SAM NN20089, NN20091, NN20092, NN20095, NN20100, NN20101, NN20102, NN20103).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 1 male, Padthaway Conservation Park, 36&deg;36&rsquo;S, 140&deg;31&rsquo;E, May 1982, pitfall, B. Guerin (SAM NN20076).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Males of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;hortoni&lt;/i&gt; can be distinguished from &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;bella&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;pidax&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tunstilli&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;emmottorum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;gemmelli&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;aurea&lt;/i&gt; by the absence of prolateral clasping spurs on tibia I (Fig. 14 G&ndash;I); from &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;parva&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;olea&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;tariae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;carnarvon&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;raveni&lt;/i&gt; by the presence of one, rather than two, prolateral macroseta on tibia I (Fig. 14 G&ndash;I); from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;birksi&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;plata&lt;/i&gt; by the square eye group (Fig. 14D); and from those of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;newtoni&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;maryae&lt;/i&gt; by the field of spinules on the palpal tibia being broad and not in a rounded crescentshape (Fig. 14J). Females are unknown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Holotype male&lt;/i&gt; (SAM NN20090). Medium idiopid spider (total length 10.0).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Colour&lt;/i&gt; (in ethanol; Fig. 14 A&ndash;C): Carapace uniform pale golden orange-brown (Fig. 14A); sternum, labium and maxillae very similar, chelicerae slightly darker red-brown (Fig. 14E, F); abdomen same golden orange-brown with pattern of seven mottled chevrons, dark, with darker mottling also between chevrons (Fig. 14A, C); legs and pedipalp same colour as cephalothorax (Fig. 14 G&ndash;L).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Cephalothorax&lt;/i&gt;: Carapace 4.9 long, 3.9 wide, 3.3 high, 1.3 times longer than wide; oval (Fig. 14A), caput moderately raised, ocular area raised (Fig. 14C); cuticle smooth, with pits outward from fovea and both sides of caput; fovea straight; row of thick setae between fovea and eye group; carapace quite setose, with smaller fine setae distributed evenly across carapace, concentrated and forming fringe around lateral margins; clump of thickened setae on clypeus (Fig. 14D). Length of median clypeus less than 1.0; anterior margin slightly convex. Eye group 0.9 wide, 0.8 long, 0.2 of carapace width; anterior eye row strongly procurved, PLE&ndash;APLE/ALE&ndash;ALE ratio 1.0; posterior eye row slightly procurved; AME approximately half the size of ALE and separated by about the diameter of AME; ALE and PLE separated by about twice the diameter of PLE; PME pale, similar in size to AME and about two-thirds size of PLE, and separated from PLE by about its own diameter (Fig. 14D). Labium with 5 cuspules (Fig. 14F). Sternum 2.8 long, 2.1 wide, evenly setose (Fig. 14E). Maxillae with &lt;i&gt;ca.&lt;/i&gt; 20 cuspules on both sides (Fig. 14E, F).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Legs&lt;/i&gt;: setose and spinose; tarsi I, II ventrally swollen; tarsi and distal metatarsi I, II weakly scopulate (Fig. 14 G&ndash;I). Paired tarsal claws: leg I p7 (7 large) r6 (6 large); leg II p6 (6 large), r6 (6 large); leg III p6 (2 large, 4 small), r4 (1 large, 3 small); leg IV p5 (2 large, 3 small), r5 (2 large, 3 small).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Spination&lt;/i&gt;: Tibia I with single prolateral macroseta (Fig. 14 G&ndash;I). All other legs heavily setose and spinose, with no clear demarcation between lanceolate setae and smaller spine-like setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Leg and pedipalp measurements&lt;/i&gt;: Length of legs IV&gt; I&gt; II&gt; III. Leg I: femur 4.6, patella 2.3, tibia 3.3, metatarsus 3.3, tarsus 2.1, total = 15.6. Leg II: femur 4.4, patella 2.0, tibia 3.2, metatarsus 3.4, tarsus 2.1, total = 15.1. Leg III: femur 3.6, patella 1.8, tibia 2.6, metatarsus 3.2, tarsus 2.2, total = 13.4. Leg IV: femur 4.4, patella 2.2, tibia 4.5, metatarsus 4.4, tarsus 2.6, total = 18.1. Pedipalp: femur 2.7, patella 1.3, tibia 2.5, tarsus 1.1, total = 7.6.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pedipalp&lt;/i&gt;: Patella with thickened ventral setae; tibia short and swollen, RTA short, pointed, with thick clump of setae on tip, and covered in short, dense spinules for two-thirds distance between base of apophysis and distal tibia, becoming only slightly sparser towards distal dibia; long, erect setae on ventral tibia; bulb uniform, globular; embolus simple, slender, tapering, tip slightly twisted, just under twice the length of bulb; cymbium covered in rows of short spinules, becoming longer closer to distal edge (Fig. 14 J&ndash;L).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Abdomen&lt;/i&gt;: Setose, oval, dorsal sigilla not evident; 5.1 long, 3.2 wide (Fig. 14A).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Variation (n=10):&lt;/i&gt; Carapace 3.0&ndash;5.0 long, 3.0&ndash;3.3 wide, 5 labial cuspules.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; This species is named in honour of Benjamin Horton, for his commitment to wildlife education and conservation, and for his efforts in saving the lives of countless animals during the Sampson Flat bushfires of 2015.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia hortoni&lt;/i&gt; is known only from Mount Crawford Conservation Park and Padthaway Conservation Park in the Mount Lofty Ranges (Fig. 31).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; Further specimens of this species, including females, could not be located at the type locality by one of the authors (SEH). Mount Crawford is now mostly covered in plantation forests and is quite sandy, which is an unusual habitat for &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia aurea&lt;/i&gt; is also found in roadside banks just outside the forest reserve, but has not been found within the reserve itself.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Harrison, Sophie E., Rix, Michael G., Harvey, Mark S. &amp; Austin, Andrew D., 2018, Systematics of the Australian spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Blakistonia Hogg (Araneae: Idiopidae), pp. 1-76 in Zootaxa 4518 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4518.1.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2609500"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/2609500&lt;/a&gt

Blakistonia mainae Harrison & Rix & Harvey & Austin 2018, sp. n.

Blakistonia mainae, sp. n. (Figs 15 A–I, 16A–F) Type material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Holotype female, Mount Ragged, Cape Arid National Park, 33°26’47”S, 123°28’15”E, 27 August 2014, hand collected from burrows, S.E. Harrison, M.S. Harvey (WAM T 141137 DNA). Paratypes: 1 female, same data except 33°26’43”S, 123°28’07”E (WAM T 141136 DNA); 1 female, same data except 33°26’44”S, 123°28’08”E (WAM T 141138 DNA). Other material examined. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 male (in fragments), Mount Ragged, Cape Arid National Park, 33°27’S, 123°28’E, 2 November 1986, hand collected from redback spider web, B. Main (WAM T 141143). Diagnosis. Males of B. mainae can be distinguished from those of B. maryae, B. plata, B birksi, B. newtoni, B. hortoni, B. parva, B. olea, B. tariae, B. carnarvon and B. raveni, by the prolateral clasping spurs on tibia I, each with raised cuticular bases and bearing multiple terminal peg-like macrosetae (Fig. 16 B–C); and from those of B. bella, B. pidax, B. tunstilli, B. emmottorum, B. gemmelli, and B. aurea by the presence of four thick, evenly spaced setae between the eye group and the fovea (16A). Females of B. mainae can be distinguished from those of other species by the book lungs being brown or dark brown, in contrast to the paler abdomen (Fig. 15C), and also by the presence of four thick, evenly spaced setae between the eye group and fovea (Fig. 15A, D). All life stages of B. mainae can also be distinguished from those of other species with sequence data by the following nucleotide substitutions (n = 3 specimens): G(132), A(216), C(300), A(453), A(482), T(507); and by the following unique motifs: TG(42–43), TA(66–67), AT(90–91). Description. Holotype female (WAM T 141137) Medium-sized idiopid spider (total length 14.6). Colour (in ethanol; Fig. 15 A–C): Carapace, legs and pedipalp medium to dark golden-brown, carapace slightly darker around fovea (Fig. 15A); sternum medium golden-brown, darker towards anterior and lateral margins; labium and maxillae golden-brown, chelicerae dark brown (Fig. 15E, F); abdomen grey-brown with 7 chevrons of uniform width spaced over length of abdomen, becoming more closely spaced towards posterior abdomen; anterior-most chevrons connected by medial patch (Fig. 15A, C). Cephalothorax: Carapace 6.7 long, 4.9 wide, 5.5 high, 1.1 times longer than wide; oval (Fig. 15A), caput high, ocular area very slightly raised (Fig. 15C); cuticle uniformly smooth; fovea procurved; four prominent, evenly spaced setae located between fovea and eye area, cluster of setae directly posterior to eye areas, and very small, fine setae also scattered across carapace, forming indistinct fringe around lateral margins; median clump of thickened setae on clypeus. Length of median clypeus less than 1.0; anterior margin slightly convex. Eye group 1.1 wide, 1 long, 0.2 of carapace width; anterior eye row strongly procurved, PLE–PLE/ALE–ALE ratio 1.0; posterior eye row straight; AME ca. half size of ALE and separated by about diameter of ALE; ALE equal in size to PLE, and separated by their diameter; PME pale, ca. 0.25 of PLE, and separated from PLE by less than its own diameter (Fig. 15D). Labium with two cuspules (Fig. 15F). Sternum 4.1 long, 2.9 wide, moderately setose with setae becoming denser and longer around margins; one pair of sigilla located ca. halfway down abdomen, and separated from lateral margins of abdomen by about their own diameter (Fig. 15E). Maxillae with ca. 30 cuspules on both sides (Fig. 15E, F). Legs: moderately setose and spinose, with exception of retrolateral leg IV, which is mostly asetose; distinct erect setae on metatarsi and distal tibiae I, II; femora I, II, and pedipalp laterally bowed; tarsi and metatarsi I, II, and palpal tarsus heavily scopulate (Fig. 15G, H). Paired tarsal claws: p2 (2 large) r3 (1 large, 2 small); leg II p3 (2 large, 1 small), r2 (1 large, 1 small); right leg III p2 (2 large), r2 (1 large, 1 small); leg IV p2 (2 large) r3 (3 large); median claw without teeth. Pedipalp with 2 (1 large, 1 small) teeth. Spination: Leg I: tibia p4, r3; metatarsus p4, r4; tarsus r2. Leg II: tibia p2, r3; metatarsus p4, r7; tarsus p1, r5. Right leg III: patella p3, metatarsus p5, r4; tarsus with 7 short spines ventrally. Leg IV: metatarsus p4, r1, tarsus with 7 short spines ventrally. Pedipalp: tibia p7, r6; tarsus p3, r3. Leg and pedipalp measurements: Length of legs IV> I> II> III. Leg I: femur 3.7, patella 2.8, tibia 2.4, metatarsus 1.6, tarsus 1.3, total = 11.8. Leg II: femur 3.7, patella 2.5, tibia 2.2, metatarsus 1.7, tarsus 1.3, total = 11.4. Leg III: femur 3.1, patella 2.4, tibia 2.1, metatarsus 1.9, tarsus 1.4, total = 10.9. Leg IV (right): femur 4.2, patella 3.4, tibia 3.8, metatarsus 3.5, tarsus 1.8, total = 16.7. Pedipalp: femur 3.7, patella 2.2, tibia 2.3, tarsus 2.3, total = 10.4. Abdomen: Setose, oval, one pair of unsclerotised dorsal sigilla evident; book lungs dark brownish-grey, distinctly darker than lateral abdomen; 8.2 long, 5.9 wide (Fig. 15A). Genitalia: Spermathecae paired, simple, unbranched, stout and outward facing, circular, covered in opaque mottled brown nodules, becoming more concentrated towards distal spermathecae (Fig. 15I). Variation (n=3): Carapace 6.4–7.1 long, carapace 5.4–5.9 wide, 2–4 labial cuspules. Spination: leg I tibia p4, r3–4; metatarsus p4, r4–5; tarsus p0–1, r2–4. Leg II tibia p2, r2–3; metatarsus p3–4, r6–7; tarsus p1, r5–7. Leg III patella p3; metatarsus p3–5, r3–5; tarsus with 5–8 short spines ventrally. Leg IV metatarsus p4–6, r1; tarsus with 7– 12 short spines ventrally. Pedipalp: tibia p7–9, tarsus r3–6. Male (WAM T 141143). Total size unknown. Colour (in ethanol; Fig. 16 A–F): Carapace, legs and pedipalp uniform pale golden orange-brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 5.8 long, 4.3 wide, 1.3 times longer than wide; oval (Fig. 16A), caput low, ocular area slightly raised; cuticle smooth, with pits outward from fovea and both sides of caput; fovea straight; four prominent setae located between fovea and eye area, cluster of setae also directly posterior to eye areas, and very small, fine setae also scattered across carapace, forming indistinct fringe around lateral margins; median clump of thickened setae on clypeus (Fig. 16A). Eye group 0.8 wide, 1.0 long, 0.2 of carapace width; anterior eye row strongly procurved, PLE–PLE/ALE–ALE ratio 1.0; posterior eye row slightly procurved; AME similar in size to ALE and separated by less than the diameter of AME; ALE and PLE separated by just over the diameter of PLE; PME oval, 0.75 of PLE, and separated from PLE by less than its own diameter (Fig. 16A). Spination: Tibia I with prolateral clasping spurs, both spurs with 2 terminal peg-like macrosetae (Fig. 16B, C). Pedipalp: Tibia short, swollen, RTA short and pointed, with thick clump of setae on tip, and covered in short, dense spinules almost to distal tibia, becoming sparser; long, erect setae on ventral tibia; bulb uniform, globular; embolus simple, slender, tapering, twisted, and just under twice the length of bulb; cymbium covered in rows of short spinules, becoming longer distally (Fig. 16 D–F). Variation: None. Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr Barbara York Main, for first collecting Blakistonia specimens from Mount Ragged in 1986, and for her lifelong commitment to improving our knowledge of Australian trapdoor spiders. Distribution. Blakistonia mainae is known only from Mount Ragged, Cape Arid National Park, Western Australia (Fig. 33). Remarks. The burrows of B. mainae are round with a narrow hinge, and slightly indented (Fig. 2G). The male specimen on which this description was based was collected dead from a Latrodectus web and is incomplete. The female description is based on a complete specimen (WAM T 141137) and also has molecular data available thus it has been designated as the holotype.Published as part of Harrison, Sophie E., Rix, Michael G., Harvey, Mark S. & Austin, Andrew D., 2018, Systematics of the Australian spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Blakistonia Hogg (Araneae: Idiopidae), pp. 1-76 in Zootaxa 4518 (1) on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4518.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260950

Blakistonia bassi Harrison & Rix & Harvey & Austin 2018, sp. n.

&lt;i&gt;Blakistonia bassi&lt;/i&gt; sp. n. &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 7 A&ndash;I)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; Type material. AUSTRALIA: &lt;i&gt;South Australia:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Holotype female, off Pound Road, Ashton, Mount Lofty Ranges,, 34&deg;55&rsquo;55.608&rdquo;S, 138&deg;44&rsquo;49.667&rdquo;E, 22 December 2014, hand collected from mossy roadside bank, S.E. Harrison, M. Harrison (SAM NN29619 DNA). Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype except 13 May 2016, S.E. Harrison, N. Birks (SAM NN28529, NN28530).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Females of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;bassi&lt;/i&gt; can be distinguished from all other species of &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia&lt;/i&gt; by the fine, golden hairs that cover the carapace (Fig. 7A, D). Males are unknown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; All life stages of &lt;i&gt;B. bassi&lt;/i&gt; can also be distinguished from those of other species with sequence data by the following nucleotide substitutions (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 1 specimen): G(3), C(87), C(102), T(111), G(199), C(205), T(207), T(255), C(339), A(390), C(462), C(479), C(481), G(546), G(573), G(591); and by the following unique molecular motifs: TT(30&ndash;31), GAC(66&ndash;68), GCT(367&ndash;369), AAG(372&ndash;374), GG(432&ndash;433), TGC(456&ndash;458), TGGA (468&ndash;471).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Holotype female&lt;/i&gt; (SAM NN29619): Medium-sized idiopid spider (total length 18.5).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Colour&lt;/i&gt; (in ethanol; Fig. 7 A&ndash;C): Carapace, legs and pedipalp dark red-brown, darker around fovea and lateral margins of caput, with darkened line from fovea to eye group (Fig. 7A); sternum, labium and maxillae uniformly golden-brown, chelicerae dark red-brown (Fig. 7E, F); abdomen dark brown with indistinct mottled chevron pattern (Fig. 7A, C).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Cephalothorax&lt;/i&gt;: Carapace 7.8 long, 7.2 wide, 6.3 high, 1.1 times longer than wide; oval (Fig. 7A), caput high, ocular area flat (Fig. 7C); cuticle smooth, with pits outward from fovea and both sides of caput, and also two diagonally inward-facing indentations posteriorly; fovea procurved; two indistinct parallel rows of setae from fovea to eye group, less noticeabe both sideson both sides of caput; smaller fine setae also scattered across carapace, concentrated and form fringe around lateral margins; one long seta in fovea; median clump of thickened setae on clypeus (Fig. 7D); carapace with fine cover of thin golden hairs (Fig. 7A, D). Length of median clypeus less than 1.0; anterior margin slightly convex. Eye group 1.6 wide, 1.1 long, 0.2 of carapace width; anterior eye row strongly procurved; PLE&ndash;PLE/ALE&ndash;ALE ratio 1.1; posterior eye row slightly recurved; AME about equal in size to ALE and separated by twice diameter of ALE/AME; ALE and PLE separated by just over ALE diameter; PME similar in size to ALE/AME and about half size of PLE, and separated from PLE by about its own diameter (Fig. 7D). Labium without cuspules (Fig. 7F). Sternum 5.0 long, 3.3 wide, evenly setose with setae becoming longer towards anterior margin. Maxillae with &lt;i&gt;ca&lt;/i&gt;. 35 cuspules on both sides (Fig. 7E, F).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Legs&lt;/i&gt;: moderately setose and diffusely spinose; distinct upright setae on distal metatarsi I, II; femora I, II, and pedipalp laterally bowed; tarsi and metatarsi I, II and palpal tarsi scopulate (Fig. 7 G&ndash;I). Paired tarsal claws with 1 row of ventral teeth: leg I p2 (1 large, 1 small) r1 (1 large, 1 small); leg II p2 (1 large, 1 small), r2 (1 large, 2 small); right leg III p2 (2 large), r1 (1 large); right leg IV p2 (1 large, 1 small), r1 (1 large); median tarsal claw without teeth. Pedipalp claw with 1 large and 1 small tooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Spination&lt;/i&gt;: Leg I: tibia p3, r4; metatarsus p2, r5; tarsus with patch of 5 short spines scattered over ventral surface (Fig. 7G, H). Leg II: tibia p4, r4; metatarsus p4, r5; tarsus with patch of 3 short spines ventrally. Right leg III: patella p3; tibia p3, r3; metatarsus p12, r8; tarsus with patch of 8 spines scattered ventrally. Right leg IV: metatarsus p10, r6; tarsus with &lt;i&gt;ca&lt;/i&gt;. 20 short spines scattered ventrally. Palp: patella p1, tibia p8, r6; tarsus p1, r1.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Leg and pedipalp measurements&lt;/i&gt;: Length of legs IV&gt; II&gt; I&gt; III. Leg I: femur 4.3, patella 3.1, tibia 2.7, metatarsus 2.1, tarsus 1.7, total = 13.9. Leg II: femur 4.2, patella 3.1, tibia 2.6, metatarsus 1.9, total = 14.9. Leg IV (right): femur 5.5, patella 3.9, tibia 4.0, metatarsus 3.7, tarsus 2.2, total = 19.3. Pedipalp: femur 4, patella 2.2, tibia 2.1, tarsus 2.5, total = 10.8.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Abdomen&lt;/i&gt;: Setose, oval, one pair of very small, faint, unsclerotised dorsal sigilla; 10.7 long, 7.3 wide (Fig. 7A).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Genitalia&lt;/i&gt;: Spermathecae paired, simple, unbranched, stout and outward facing, oval-shaped with lobe on anterior end, covered in opaque, mottled brown nodules (Fig. 7I).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Variation (n=3):&lt;/i&gt; Carapace 7.8&ndash;9.0 long, 6.0&ndash;8.0 wide, no labial cuspules. Spination: Leg I: tibia p3&ndash;4, r4; metatarsus p2&ndash;3, r3&ndash;5; tarsus with 3&ndash;6 spines ventrally. Leg II: tibia p3&ndash;4, r4; metatarsus p4, r4&ndash;5; tarsus with 3&ndash;4 spines ventrally. Leg III: patella p2&ndash;3; tibia p0&ndash;3; r2&ndash;3; metatarsus p6&ndash;13, r6&ndash;8; tarsus with 8&ndash;13 spines ventrally. Leg IV: metatarsus p8&ndash;12, r3&ndash;6; tarsus with 10&ndash;20 spines ventrally. Pedipalp patella p1&ndash;2; tibia p7&ndash;8, r4&ndash;6; tarsus p1, r1&ndash;2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; This species is named in honour of Daniel Bass, for his unwavering support of this research.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Blakistonia bassi&lt;/i&gt; is known from only a single roadside cutting at Ashton in the Mount Lofty Ranges, (Fig. 31). A number of active burrows were found in 2017; however, the species has not been found elsewhere in the Mount Lofty Range despite extensive historical collection, and was not discovered anywhere else as part of this project.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; The burrow (Fig. 2D, E) is similar to that of &lt;i&gt;Idiosoma&lt;/i&gt; in its thin, cryptic, flap-like nature, and certainly different to the D-shaped, plug-like burrow typical of &lt;i&gt;B. aurea&lt;/i&gt;. All burrows found were adorned with moss and cryptic in appearance (Fig. 2D, E).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Harrison, Sophie E., Rix, Michael G., Harvey, Mark S. &amp; Austin, Andrew D., 2018, Systematics of the Australian spiny trapdoor spiders of the genus Blakistonia Hogg (Araneae: Idiopidae), pp. 1-76 in Zootaxa 4518 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4518.1.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2609500"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/2609500&lt;/a&gt