Analysis of Heat-Exercise Cross Adaptation in Hot Dry Sauna

熱帯地非スポーツマン(タンザニア)と日本人スポーツマン(短距離走者)を環境制御実験装置(気温28℃,湿度60%)に安静にさせた後,低温サウナ(60-70℃)で30分間暑熱負荷を加え(n=4 period),体重,皮膚温,心拍数,血圧,呼吸数,代謝量の変化を連続記録解析した.暑熱負荷中の熱帯地非スポーツマンの心拍数・代謝量の増加率は日本人スポーツマンの増加率より低かった.しかし熱帯地非スポーツマンでは,かなりの呼吸数増加が観察され,特に深呼吸後に見られた浅速呼吸は,ヒトに熱放散現象であるパンディング現象の残存が示唆された.この熱帯地非スポーツマンから得られた結果は遺伝的に獲得された熱耐性であり,日本人スポーツマンのそれは暑熱と運動の協調による体温調節反応量の増加によると考えられる.A tropical resident (non-sportsman) and a Japanese sportsman (sprinter) were the subjects in this study. The changes in metabolic rate, respiratory rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and body weight during 30 minutes sauna heat load (60-70℃) were measured after 30 minutes resting in the climate chamber (28℃, 60% r.h.). The mean increase of pulse rate and metabolic rate in the tropical subject were small compared to those of the Japanese sportsman (in both subjects, n=4 period of experiments). But considerable increase of respiratory rate and in a few case the rapid and shallow breathing similar to thermal panting were observed in the tropical subject. The results obtained from the tropical subject may be closely related to his inherent constitutional characteristic and his acquired heat tolerance, and those of the Japanese sportsman may be due to the enhanced ability of heat production and effective heat loss response owing to larger cross adaptability by co-operation of heat and exercise load

Autonomic Nervous Tones in Chronic Spinal Rats

慢性脊髄動物の自律神経のToneをLin and Horvathの方法で測定評価し,脊髄無傷動物の場合と比較検討した。Wistar系雄ラットの頚髄下端をPentobarbital麻酔下で吸引除去し,室温30℃で飼育したものを慢性脊髄ラットとした.実験は室温30℃において,無麻酔,半拘束状態で約90分放置した後に,硫酸アトロピン1mg/kg又は塩酸プロプラノロール8mg/kgを腹腔内に投与し,その後の心拍数の変化から交感及び副交感神経の活動による心拍の増加及び減少幅を計算し,それらのintrinsicな心拍数(HR(o))(計算で求められた)に対する百分率を求め,各々副交感神経のTone (PT)及び交感神経のTone (ST)とした.30℃に順化した脊髄無傷の対照群では,HR(o): 362 beats/min, PT: 22.5%, ST: 24.4%と計算された.一方脊髄切断後,1週から6週後の34例(アトロピンとプロプラノロールの合計例数)の慢性脊髄ラットでは,HR(o): 350 beats/min, PT: 16.6%, ST: 15.7%と計算された.慢性脊髄動物の交感・副交感神経のToneは,脊髄無傷の対照群に比して低い値を示した.この事から,慢性脊髄動物の体温調節能等の自律機能の回復に,副交感神経のToneの変化も含めた新しい自律神経バランスの形成の関与が示唆された.Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous tones and ability of temperature regulation were compared in spinal-intact control rats and in chronic spinal rats. The lower cervical cord of male Wistar rats was transected under pentobarbital anesthesia, and the rats were reared in a room of 30℃. For the experiment, each rat was placed in wire-meshed small cage in the climatic chamber (30℃, 60%, r.h). Ninety minutes after the beginning of recording, atropine sulfate (1mg/kg, i.p.) or propranolol hydrochloride (8mg/kg, i.p.) was injected. Cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic tones were evaluated by heart rate (HR) change after the medication. Rectal temperature (Tre), tail skin temperature (Ttail) and HR were evaluated for 30 min before the medication. Mean Tre (M. ± S.E.) in control was 38.0±0.1℃, and those in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after spinalization were 36.1±0.2℃, 37.0±0.3℃ and 37.3±0.3℃, respectively. Resting HR (HR(norm.)) in control was 369±6 beats/min, and those in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after spinalization were 330±19 beats/min, 344±10 beats/min and 341±9 beats/min, respectively. The excess temperatures (dT) of the tail skin over the environmental temperature in the 1st to 3rd week were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control. In chronic spinal rats, there was a negative correlation between the increase in heart rate by atropine (HR(p)) and HR(norm.), and a positive correlation between the decrease in heart rate by propranolol (HR(s)) and HR(norm.). In control rats, parasympathetic tone (PT) and sympathetic tone (ST) were calculated as 22.5% and 24.4%, while in chronic spinal rats (from 1st to 6th week after spinalization), PT and ST were 16.6% and 15.7%, respectively. From these results it is presumed that the change in parasympathetic tone also may be a contributing factor in the recovery of the autonomic functions in chronic spinal animals

Status of hormones and painkillers in wastewater effluents across several European states - considerations for the EU watch list concerning estradiols and diclofenac.

Present technologies for wastewater treatment do not sufficiently address the increasing pollution situation of receiving water bodies, especially with the growing use of personal care products and pharmaceuticals (PPCP) in the private household and health sector. The relevance of addressing this problem of organic pollutants was taken into account by the Directive 2013/39/EU that introduced (i) the quality evaluation of aquatic compartments, (ii) the polluter pays principle, (iii) the need for innovative and affordable wastewater treatment technologies, and (iv) the identification of pollution causes including a list of principal compounds to be monitored. In addition, a watch list of 10 other substances was recently defined by Decision 2015/495 on March 20, 2015. This list contains, among several recalcitrant chemicals, the painkiller diclofenac and the hormones 17&beta;-estradiol and 17&alpha;-ethinylestradiol. Although some modern approaches for their removal exist, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), retrofitting most wastewater treatment plants with AOPs will not be acceptable as consistent investment at reasonable operational cost. Additionally, by-product and transformation product formation has to be considered. The same is true for membrane-based technologies (nanofiltration, reversed osmosis) despite of the incredible progress that has been made during recent years, because these systems lead to higher operation costs (mainly due to higher energy consumption) so that the majority of communities will not easily accept them. Advanced technologies in wastewater treatment like membrane bioreactors (MBR) that integrate biological degradation of organic matter with membrane filtration have proven a more complete elimination of emerging pollutants in a rather cost- and labor-intensive technology. Still, most of the presently applied methods are incapable of removing critical compounds completely. In this opinion paper, the state of the art of European WWTPs is reflected, and capacities of single methods are described. Furthermore, the need for analytical standards, risk assessment, and economic planning is stressed. The survey results in the conclusion that combinations of different conventional and advanced technologies including biological and plant-based strategies seem to be most promising to solve the burning problem of polluting our environment with hazardous emerging xenobiotics