Steering Committee Notes [April 4th, 2022 through September 7th, 2022]

Contains all of the notes taken during the Integration & Belonging Hub Steering Committee meetings from April 14th through September 7th 2022. In this time, they held seven meetings total. Committee members during this time included Anita Fabos (Clark University), Jude Fernando (Clark University), Adam Saltsman (Worcester State University), Amer Macedonci (community member), Sarah Ihmoud (College of the Holy Cross), Noa Shaindlinger (Worcester State University and College of the Holy Cross), Axelle Rivot (intern), and Jozefina Lantz (Clark University). Steering Committee notes were taken by Axelle Rivot, Clark University student and intern for the Integration and Belonging Hub

La politique de l’emploi dans les écrits politiques de Keynes (1930-1939)

This paper analyses the employment policy advocated by Keynes during the 1930s, by way of a study of his political writings. First, it is shown that the real role of a public work policy is to coordinate the private initiative, in order to reverse entrepreneurs’ pessimism. Public works constitute an anti-deflationary policy of fighting involuntary unemployment. On the other hand, in 1937-1939 when the unemployment rate is still at 12 %, Keynes opposes an expansionary demand policy, because of the “true inflation” risks. Indeed, unemployment then mainly results from rigidities on the labour market. The concept of voluntary unemployment is thus relevant to understand the employment policy advocated by Keynes. Finally, this study shows the strong consistency of Keynes’ practical positions with the theoretical analysis developed in the General Theory, even if at first sight these positions seem to be surprising. Moreover, following this paper, it is possible to question the relevance of the so-called Keynesian policy after World War II. Cet article analyse la politique de l’emploi préconisée par Keynes durant les années trente, à partir d’une lecture de ses écrits politiques. Nous montrons tout d’abord le rôle exact d’un programme de travaux publics, à savoir de coordonner l’initiative privée afin de modifier le pessimisme des entrepreneurs. Les travaux publics constituent donc une politique anti-déflationniste de lutte contre le chômage involontaire. En revanche, en 1937-1939, malgré un taux de chômage de 12 %, Keynes s’oppose à une politique de relance globale, du fait des risques d’« inflation absolue ». Car le chômage résulte alors en grande partie des rigidités sur le marché du travail. Le concept de chômage volontaire, élaboré dans la Théorie générale, est donc d’une grande pertinence pour comprendre la politique de l’emploi préconisée par Keynes. Finalement, cette étude montre la forte cohérence des prises de position pratiques de Keynes avec l’analyse théorique développée dans la Théorie générale, même si ses positions peuvent à première vue nous surprendre. Elle permet également de jeter un regard critique sur les politiques dites keynésiennes d’après-guerre.

Evidence for long-term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Peer reviewed paper. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Bal, G., Montorio, L., Rivot, E., Prevost, E., Bagliniere, J.-L., & Nevoux, M. (2017). Evidence for long-term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Biology, 90(6), 2375–2393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13314 , which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13314. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.This study provides new data on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar life‐history traits across France. Using a long‐term recreational angling database (1987–2013) covering 34 rivers in three regions (genetic units), a decline in individual length, mass and a delayed adult return to French rivers was reported. Temporal similarities in trait variations between regions may be attributed to common change in environmental conditions at sea. The relative rate of change in phenotypic traits was more pronounced in early maturing fish [1 sea‐winter (1SW) fish] than in late maturing fish (2SW fish). Such contrasted response within populations highlights the need to account for the diversity in life histories when exploring mechanisms of phenotypic change in S. salar. Such detailed life‐history data on returning S. salar have not previously been reported from France. This study on French populations also contributes to reducing the gap in knowledge by providing further empirical evidence of a global pattern in S. salar across its distribution range. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed changes in life‐history traits are primarily associated with environmental changes in the North Atlantic Ocean. They also emphasize the presence of less important, but still significant contrasts between region and life history

Contribution of catastrophic events to stochasticity of the recruitment process: an application to Atlantic salmon

RésuméInternational audienc

Atlantic salmon return rate increases with smolt length

Recent declines in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations are generally attributed to factors in their marine life-phase. However, it is postulated that factors affecting their freshwater life-phase might impact their marine survival, such as the influence of body size. While larger smolts are widely hypothesized to have higher marine survival rates, empirical support remains scant, in part due to inadequate data and ambiguous statistical analyses. Here, we test the influence of smolt body size on marine return rates, a proxy for marine survival, using a 12-year dataset of 3688 smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders in the River Frome, Southern England. State-space models describe the probability of smolts surviving their marine phase to return as 1 sea-winter (1SW) or multi-sea-winter adults as a function of their length, while accounting for imperfect detection and missing data. Models predicted that larger smolts had higher return rates; the most parsimonious model included the effect of length on 1SW return rate. This prediction is concerning, as freshwater juvenile salmon are decreasing in size on the River Frome, and elsewhere. Thus, to maximize adult returns, restoration efforts should focus on freshwater life-stages, and maximize both the number and the size of emigrating smolts

Spatial synchrony in the response of a long range migratory species ( Salmo salar ) to climate change in the North Atlantic Ocean

International audienceA major challenge in understanding the response of populations to climate change is to separate the effects of local drivers acting independently on specific populations, from the effects of global drivers that impact multiple populations simultaneously and thereby synchronize their dynamics. We investigated the environmental drivers and the demographic mechanisms of the widespread decline in marine survival rates of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over the last four decades. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian life cycle model to quantify the spatial synchrony in the marine survival of 13 large groups of populations (called stock units, SU) from two continental stock-groupings (CSG) in North America (NA) and Southern Europe (SE) over the period 1971-2014. We found strong coherence in the temporal variation in post-smolt marine survival among the 13 SU of NA and SE. A common North Atlantic trend explains 37% of the temporal variability of the survivals for the 13 SU and declines by a factor 1.8 over the 1971-2014 time series. Synchrony in survival trends is stronger between SU within each CSG. The common trends at the scale of NA and SE capture 60% and 42% of the total variance of temporal variations, respectively. Temporal variations of the post-smolt survival are best explained by the temporal variations of sea surface temperature (SST, negative correlation) and net primary production indices (PP, positive correlation) encountered by salmon in common domains during their marine migration. Specifically, in the Labrador Sea/Grand Banks for NA populations 26% and 24% of variance is captured by SST and PP, respectively and in the Norwegian Sea for SE populations 21% and 12% of variance is captured by SST and PP, respectively. The findings support the hypothesis of a response of salmon populations to large climate induced changes in the North Atlantic simultaneously impacting populations from distant continental habitats

Combining multiple data sets to unravel the spatiotemporal dynamics of a data-limited fish stock

Publisher's version (útgefin grein)The biological status of many commercially exploited fishes remains unknown, mostly due to a lack of data necessary for their assessment. Investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of such species can lead to new insights into population processes and foster a path towards improved spatial management decisions. Here, we focused on striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus), a widespread yet data-limited species of high commercial importance. Aiming to quantify range dynamics in this data-poor scenario, we combined fishery-dependent and -independent data sets through a series of Bayesian mixed-effects models designed to capture monthly and seasonal occurrence patterns near the species’ northern range limit across 20 years. Combining multiple data sets allowed us to cover the entire distribution of the northern population of M. surmuletus, exploring dynamics at different spatiotemporal scales and identifying key environmental drivers (i.e., sea surface temperature, salinity) that shape occurrence patterns. Our results demonstrate that even when process and (or) observation uncertainty is high, or when data are sparse, if we combine multiple data sets within a hierarchical modelling framework, accurate and useful spatial predictions can still be made.CP’s postdoc was funded by Ifremer and France Filière Peche. The authors thank Bruno Ernande for suggestions and comments that improved the work during the analysis. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments, which helped to improve the manuscript.Peer Reviewe

Distribution of raphespinal fibers in the mouse spinal cord

Background: Serotonergic raphespinal neurons and their fibers have been mapped in large mammals, but the non- serotonergic ones have not been studied, especially in the mouse. The present study aimed to investigate the termination pattern of fibers arising from the hindbrain raphe and reticular nuclei which also have serotonergic neurons by injecting the anterograde tracer BDA into them. Results: We found that raphespinal fibers terminate in both the dorsal and ventral horns in addition to lamina 10. There is a shift of the fibers in the ventral horn towards the dorsal and lateral part of the gray matter. Considerable variation in the termination pattern also exists between raphe nuclei with raphe magnus having more fibers terminating in the dorsal horn. Fibers from the adjacent gigantocellular reticular nucleus show similar termination pattern as those from the raphe nuclei with slight difference. Immunofluorescence staining showed that raphespinal fibers were heterogeneous and serotoninergic fibers were present in all laminae but mainly in laminae 1, 2, medial lamina 8, laminae 9 and 10. Surprisingly, immunofluorescence staining on clarified spinal cord tissue revealed that serotoninergic fibers formed bundles regularly in a short distance along the rostrocaudal axis in the medial part of the ventral horn and they extended towards the lateral motor neuron column area. Conclusion: Serotonergic and non-serotonergic fibers arising from the hindbrain raphe and reticular nuclei had similar termination pattern in the mouse spinal cord with subtle difference. The present study provides anatomical foundation for the multiple roles raphe and adjacent reticular nuclei play

The likely suspect’s framework: the need for a life cycle approach for managing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks across multiple scales

Publication history: Accepted - 10 May 2022: Published online - 8 June 2022The ongoing declines in Atlantic salmon populations across its range underscore the need for co-ordinated scientific-based knowledge to support management and decisions for their conservation. Current salmon management actions remain largely focused on addressing bottlenecks to production in the freshwater phase of the life-cycle, whereas the continued declines observed in the recent decades are thought to be driven primarily by constraints on the marine phase. The challenges brought by global warming and other emerging stressors require immediate actions, requiring us to re-think the methods behind stock assessment and forge stronger linkages between data, models and policies to promote more effective management actions. We outline a scientific framework that takes a wider ecosystem view, designed to evaluate holistically a suite of indicators and potential drivers of salmon mortality at key phases of the life cycle. The aims of the proposed “Likely Suspects Framework” are to enhance cross-fertilisation of ideas between assessment processes at the stock-complex scale and stock-specific focused management activities, and to develop new decision support tools to improve management efficiencies and scenario testing. Adopting such an approach provides a new way to catalyse the acquisition and deployment of both existing and new data and models that are urgently needed for assisting the conservation and future stewardship of salmon stocks on both sides of the Atlantic.This work was supported largely by funding from the UK Missing Salmon Allianc