Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapy Administered Every 2 Months is Cost-Effective for the Treatment of HIV-1 in Spain

Adherence; Antiretroviral therapy; HIVAdherència; Teràpia antiretroviral; VIHAdherencia; Terapia antirretroviral; VIHIntroduction Current antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have improved outcomes for people living with HIV. However, the requirement to adhere to lifelong daily oral dosing may be challenging for some people living with HIV, leading to suboptimal adherence and therefore reduced treatment effectiveness. Treatment with long-acting (LA) ART may improve adherence and health-related quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cabotegravir + rilpivirine (CAB+RPV) LA administered every 2 months (Q2M) compared with current ART administered as daily oral single-tablet regimens (STRs) from a Spanish National Healthcare System perspective. Methods A hybrid decision-tree and Markov state-transition model was used with pooled data from three phase III/IIIb trials (FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M) over a lifetime horizon, with health states defined by viral load and CD4+ cell count. Direct costs (in €) were taken from Spanish public sources from 2021 and several deterministic and probabilistic analyses were carried out. An annual 3% discount rate was applied to both costs and utilities. Results Over the lifetime horizon, CAB+RPV LA Q2M was associated with an additional 0.27 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and slightly greater lifetime costs (€4003) versus daily oral ART, leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €15,003/QALY, below the commonly accepted €30,000/QALY willingness-to-pay threshold in Spain. All scenario analyses showed consistent results, and the probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed cost-effectiveness compared with daily oral STRs in 62.4% of simulations, being dominant in 0.3%. Conclusion From the Spanish National Health System perspective, CAB+RPV LA Q2M is a cost-effective alternative compared with the current options of daily oral STR regimens for HIV treatment.This study, including the journal’s Rapid Service fee, was funded by ViiV Healthcare, Durham, NC, USA

Changes in Greenland Halibut Growth, Condition and Fecundity in the Northwest Atlantic (Flemish Pass, Flemish Cap and Southern Grand Bank)

The Greenland halibut fishable stock has been declining substantially since late-1980s, according to both surveys and commercial fishery indices, particularly among the ages 10+, which corresponds to the females age at 50% maturity. In this paper it is reviewed the effect of this apparent reduction in the stock abundance in two main groups of biological parameters, namely growth and reproductive parameters, since late-1980s. Among growth parameters, the analysis of the first year growth is undertaken both by cohort and by geographic areas, assuming that density dependence might be the most severe at younger age classes. This is made using records of the respective first annual ring otolith diameters. Other growth related index such as the condition factor is also analysed. About the reproductive parameters, two aspects, are considered: the interannual variations in length-at-maturity and in the potential fecundity. A common feature observed is the relative stability of those characteristic through the period analysed, which could support a certain resiliency of the life history traits in this species

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Krøyer) from EU-Spain Bottom Trawl Survey 2013 in NAFO Div. 3LNO

The Spanish Institute of Oceanography carried out in 2013 two bottom trawl surveys in the NAFO Regulatory Area in Division 3NO and 3L during the months of June and August respectively. The results on Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are presented and compared with those from previous surveys from the same series. Although in 2013 the shrimp catch (8.955 kg.) and estimated biomass (37.711 t.) in 3NO increased to 2011 level, the low values recorded confirm the decrease in the importance of shrimp catches from 2004. Similarly, in 3L Division, northern shrimp indices increased with respect to 2012 (62%) but remains at low level. Estimated biomass increased from 2003-2006; then, the values of these indices declined in 2007 (about 10%) and increased again in 2008 up to its historical maximum (149 265 t.). In 2009 is initiated a downward trend decreasing up to lowest values in 2012 in the survey series. In 2013 the biomass estimated 17 438 t. in 3L and 38 t. in 3NO were between the lowest in the Spanish surveys series. Catch results from the surveys and data analysis are discussed in this paper

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Krøyer) from Spanish Bottom Trawl Survey 2012 in NAFO Div. 3LNO

The Spanish Institute of Oceanography carried out in 2012 two bottom trawl surveys in the NAFO Regulatory Area in Division 3NO and 3L during the months of June and August respectively. The results on Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are presented and compared with those from previous surveys from the same series. In 2012 the catch (0.923 kg.) and estimated biomass (3.864 t.) confirm the decrease of shrimp importance from 2004 in 3NO. In 3L Division, northern shrimp indices show consecutive and drastic declines (55.7% with respect to 2011) and confirm the downward trend initiated in 2009. Estimated biomass increased from 2003-2006; then, the values of these indices declined in 2007 (about 10%) and increased again in 2008 up to its historical maximum (149265 t.). In 2012 the biomass estimated 10784 t. in 3L and 4 t. in 3NO were the lowest in the Spanish surveys series. Catch results from the surveys and data analysis are discussed in this paper

Pobreza urbana en la región Texcoco

El trabajo explica la pobreza urbana en la región Texcoco, misma que se integra con cuatro municipios: Texcoco, Atenco, Chiconcuac, y Tezoyuca. La pobreza no es homogénea en dichos territorios; sin embargo, sus características permiten identificar las necesidades básicas y problemáticas asociadas a el ingreso, el acceso a la salud y la vivienda como elementos indispensables en el análisis de la condición socioeconómica y urbana que presenta la región a partir de los resultados del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y del Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social. El trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer de mejor manera la pobreza urbana en la región señalada, esta región es parte de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México. Las actividades que realiza tienen efecto en la vida cotidiana de los habitantes, pues cada municipio que lo integra presenta particularidades urbanas, sociales y económicas escasamente analizadas como región en el inicio del segundo decenio del siglo XXI, lo cual contribuye a generar conocimiento en esta temática escasamente estudiada a partir de las dimensiones señaladas para esta región ubicada al oriente del Estado de México

Results for Greenland halibut, American plaice and Atlantic cod of the Spanish survey in NAFO Div. 3NO for the period 1997-2019

Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) indices from the bottom trawl survey that Spain carries out in Spring since 1995 in Div. 3NO of the NAFO Regulatory Area are presented. Biomass, stratified mean catches and mean number per tow for the three species are presented since 1997, year in which the survey extended the depth strata. Mean catch per tow, length distribution and age distribution (this last except for American plaice) are presented for the last five years (2015-2019). Greenland halibut biomass and abundance estimates presented a decreasing trend since 1999, cut in 2007- 2009 with a high increase. In 2011 the biomass drops under the 2008 value, being stable since then until 2014 with a slight increase in 2015-2019 comprising a big increase in 2017, reaching the maximum of the series. In last years it can be seen a presence of juveniles, mainly in 2004, but the greatest lengths have failed, although in 2009 there is a quite good presence of individuals of ages 6-7 and in 2010 between 5-7. In 2011-2019 the presence of all ages is poor. In 2018 the mode was at 1-2 years, and 2-3 years in 2019, suggesting a fairly strong 2017 cohort. For American plaice we can see a slightly increasing trend from 1999 to 2015, reaching a maximum of mean catch and number in 2006, and a severe decline since 2016, being the 2019 the lowest value of the entire series. The greatest recruitment in the presented series occurred in 2004 and we can follow their mode along the years. No good recruitments were seen since then. In last years the level of all the ages is low. No 2019 age indices are available at this moment. For Atlantic cod, it can be seen a low biomass until 2008, being higher and variable since then, reaching a historical maximum in 2014. From 2015, biomass decreased reaching in 2019 poor values at the level of the 2005 biomass. In 2007-2008 the youngest length classes were much over the rest of the length classes. With the 2006 cohort the series reaches the maximum number of its historical values at five years in 2011. There have been no good recruitments since 2009, although in 2015 and 2016 a discrete presence of individuals of age 1 can be seen

Results of the Spanish survey in NAFO Division 3NO

Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), redfish (Sebastes spp.), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), roughhead grenadier (Macrourus berglax), thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata), white hake (Urophycis tenuis), squid (Illex illecebrosus) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) indices from the bottom trawl survey that Spain carries out in Spring since 1995 in Divisions 3NO of the NAFO Regulatory Area are presented. In 2020, the survey was not carried out due to the COVID pandemic situation. The presented indices are biomass by stratum, total length distribution and a and b parameters for the length-weight relationship; age distribution is also presented for Greenland halibut, Atlantic cod and American plaice.Versión del editor

Time scale ovarian maturation in Greenland halibut

In this paper possible evidence of a prolonged ovarian development phase in Greenland halibut is presented. The reproductive cycle in this species has been originally described based on the assumption that this phase should last about one year. The results of several years of analysis showed that there is more than one year between the mean age of females at the onset of the ovarian development and the mean age of actually spawning females. Two possible interpretations of this fact are discussed: the ovarian development phase (vitellogenesis) could last more than one year, and individual spawning does not necessarily occur on an annual basis as a consequence, or the incidence of non-spawning females every year could be very high. Both possibilities have important implications for the species’ reproductive potential and stock dynamics of this valuable deep water resource

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis, Krøyer) from Spanish Bottom Trawl Survey 2011 in NAFO Div. 3LNO

The Spanish Institute of Oceanography carried out in 2011 two bottom trawl surveys in the NAFO Regulatory Area in Division 3NO and 3L during the months of June and August respectively. The results on Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are presented and compared with those from previous surveys from the same series. In 2011 the catch (9429 Kg) and estimated biomass (37290 t) confirm the decrease of shrimp importance from 2004 in 3NO. In 3L Division, northern shrimp indices show consecutive and drastic declines (35.6% with respect to 2010) and confirm the downward trend initiated in 2009. Estimated biomass increased from 2003-2006; then, the values of these indices declined in 2007 (about 10%) and increased again in 2008 up to its historical maximum (149265 t). In 2011 the biomass estimated 24346 t in 3L and 37.29 t in 3NO were the lowest in the Spanish surveys series. Catch results from the surveys and data analysis are discussed in this paper