A CORRUPÇÃO COMO FATOR DE DESIGUALDADE NA POLÍTICA BRASILEIRA

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a corrupção e sua intrínseca relação com a desigualdade política.  Partimos da premissa que a “pequena” corrupção segundo definição de Arnold Heidnheimer, como o clientelismo e a troca de favores que ocorrem na política brasileira, são elementos que contribuem para a manutenção da estrutura de desigualdade na medida em que as classes menos favorecidas participam dos benefícios dessa  corrupção, em troca de votos. Essas práticas têm contribuído para a manutenção da desigualdade social e política no Brasil.   &ensp

Os Códigos Penais brasileiros no combate à corrupção

Entender as práticas de corrupção no Brasil, desde a Independência até a Operação Lava Jato, implica trazer à tona o ordenamento jurídico pertinente ao controle de desvios de recursos públicos e abusos de poder político. A história do combate à corrupção no Brasil é marcada por uma tradição punitivo-legalista, desde a promulgação do primeiro Código Penal em 1830. Analisaremos, neste artigo, como a corrupção e as suas outras variantes foram tratadas nas Constituições de 1822 e 1988 e nos Códigos Penais promulgados, de 1890 a 1940. Nesse ínterim, ganham destaque os crimes de corrupção (passiva e ativa), prevaricação, concussão e peculato, práticas recorrentes na história da corrupção brasileira.Understanding corruption practices in Brazil, from Independence to Operação Lava Jato, implies bringing to light the legal framework pertinent to the control of misappropriation of public resources and abuse of political power. The history of the fight against corruption in Brazil is marked by a punitive-legalistic tradition, since the enactment of the first Penal Code in 1830. In this article, we will analyze how corruption and its other variants were dealt with in the Constitutions of 1822 and 1988 and in the Penal Codes enacted from 1890 to 1940. In the meantime, the crimes of corruption (passive and active), prevarication, concussion, and embezzlement, recurrent practices in the history of Brazilian corruption, are highlighted

ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO E O PERCURSO ESCOLAR DE ESTUDANTES COM ALTAS HABILIDADES E SUPERDOTAÇÃO

Students with high skills / giftedness (AH / SD) are the target group for Special Education. According to the National Special Education Policy from the perspective of Inclusive Education, these students can demonstrate above-average potential in a combined or isolated way in the areas: intellectual, academic, leadership, psychomotricity and the arts. However, the literature in the area confirms that accompanied by HA / SD some difficulties may be present. In this context, this research aimed to describe the challenges and obstacles of the identification and schooling process of two students with AH / SD. Two students identified with AH / SD and their mothers were interviewed, such interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. The data analysis was qualitative, following categories constructed by the researchers based on the objectives of the study. The results showed that students with AH / SD do not necessarily enjoy a full school path and without challenges. It was possible to identify obstacles during the identification process in the childhood of both participants, as well as the precarious or inexistent offer of services which aim at the evolution of HA / SD. The work signals the need and importance of teacher training to deal with the specificities arising from HA / SD as well as public policies that reinforce the guarantee of specialized services for this public.os estudiantes con altas habilidades / superdotados (AH / SD) son el grupo objetivo para la educación especial. De acuerdo con la Política Nacional de Educación Especial desde la perspectiva de la Educación Inclusiva, estos estudiantes pueden demostrar un potencial superior al promedio de manera combinada o aislada en las áreas: intelectual, académica, liderazgo, psicomotricidad y las artes. Sin embargo, la literatura en el área confirma que acompañado de HA / SD algunas dificultades pueden estar presentes. En este contexto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo describir los desafíos y obstáculos del proceso de identificación y escolarización de dos estudiantes con AH / SD. Dos estudiantes identificados con AH / SD y sus madres fueron entrevistados, tales entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio y transcritas. El análisis de los datos fue cualitativo, siguiendo las categorías construidas por los investigadores con base en los objetivos del estudio. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes con AH / SD no necesariamente disfrutan de un camino escolar completo y sin desafíos. Fue posible identificar obstáculos durante el proceso de identificación en la infancia de ambos participantes, así como la oferta precaria o inexistente de servicios que apuntan a la evolución de HA / SD. El trabajo señala la necesidad y la importancia de la capacitación docente para abordar las especificidades derivadas de HA / SD, así como las políticas públicas que refuerzan la garantía de servicios especializados para este público.Estudantes com altas habilidades/superdotação (AH/SD) enquadram-se como público-alvo da Educação Especial. Segundo a Política Nacional de Educação Especial na perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, esses estudantes podem demonstrar potencial acima da média de forma combinada ou isolada nas áreas: intelectual, acadêmica, liderança, psicomotricidade e artes. No entanto, a literatura da área confirma que acompanhada das AH/SD algumas dificuldades podem fazer-se presente. Nesse contexto essa pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever os desafios e obstáculos do processo de identificação e escolarização de dois estudantes com AH/SD. Foram entrevistados dois estudantes identificados com AH/SD e suas mães, tais entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio e transcritas. A análise dos dados foi qualitativa seguindo categorias construídas pelos pesquisadores com base nos objetivos do estudo. Os resultados evidenciaram que estudantes com AH/SD não necessariamente desfrutam de um percurso escolar pleno e sem desafios. Foi possível identificar entraves durante o processo de identificação ainda na infância de ambos participantes bem como a precária ou inexistente oferta de serviços os quais visam a evolução das AH/SD. O trabalho sinaliza a necessidade e importância da formação docente para lidar com as especificidades advindas das AH/SD bem como políticas públicas que reforcem a garantia de oferta de serviços especializados para esse público

Loss of Function of the Nuclear Receptor NR2F2, Encoding COUP-TF2, Causes Testis Development and Cardiac Defects in 46,XX Children

Emerging evidence from murine studies suggests that mammalian sex determination is the outcome of an imbalance between mutually antagonistic male and female regulatory networks that canalize development down one pathway while actively repressing the other. However, in contrast to testis formation, the gene regulatory pathways governing mammalian ovary development have remained elusive. We performed exome or Sanger sequencing on 79 46,XX SRY-negative individuals with either unexplained virilization or with testicular/ovotesticular disorders/differences of sex development (TDSD/OTDSD). We identified heterozygous frameshift mutations in NR2F2, encoding COUP-TF2, in three children. One carried a c.103_109delGGCGCCC (p.Gly35Argfs( *)75) mutation, while two others carried a c.97_103delCCGCCCG (p.Pro33Alafs( *)77) mutation. In two of three children the mutation was de novo. All three children presented with congenital heart disease (CHD), one child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and two children with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). The three children had androgen production, virilization of external genitalia, and biochemical or histological evidence of testicular tissue. We demonstrate a highly significant association between the NR2F2 loss-of-function mutations and this syndromic form of DSD (p = 2.44 x 10(-8)). We show that COUP-TF2 is highly abundant in a FOXL2-negative stromal cell population of the fetal human ovary. In contrast to the mouse, these data establish COUP-TF2 as a human "pro-ovary" and "anti-testis" sex-determining factor in female gonads. Furthermore, the data presented here provide additional evidence of the emerging importance of nuclear receptors in establishing human ovarian identity and indicate that nuclear receptors may have divergent functions in mouse and human biology

mRNA vaccine boosting enhances antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in individuals with antibody deficiency syndromes

Individuals with primary antibody deficiency (PAD) syndromes have poor humoral immune responses requiring immunoglobulin replacement therapy. We followed individuals with PAD after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination by evaluating their immunoglobulin replacement products and serum for anti-spike binding, Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding, and neutralizing activities. The immunoglobulin replacement products tested have low anti-spike and receptor-binding domain (RBD) titers and neutralizing activity. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-naive individuals with PAD, anti-spike and RBD titers increase after mRNA vaccination but wane by 90 days. Those vaccinated after SARS-CoV-2 infection develop higher and more sustained responses comparable with healthy donors. Most vaccinated individuals with PAD have serum-neutralizing antibody titers above an estimated correlate of protection against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Delta virus but not against Omicron virus, although this is improved by boosting. Thus, some immunoglobulin replacement products likely have limited protective activity, and immunization and boosting of individuals with PAD with mRNA vaccines should confer at least short-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron

Immunoglobulin replacement products protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo despite poor neutralizing activity

Immunoglobulin (IG) replacement products are used routinely in patients with immune deficiency and other immune dysregulation disorders who have poor responses to vaccination and require passive immunity conferred by commercial antibody products. The binding, neutralizing, and protective activity of intravenously administered IG against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants remains unknown. Here, we tested 198 different IG products manufactured from December 2019 to August 2022. We show that prepandemic IG had no appreciable cross-reactivity or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike antibody titers and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 D614G increased gradually after the pandemic started and reached levels comparable to vaccinated healthy donors 18 months after the diagnosis of the first COVID-19 case in the United States in January 2020. The average time between production to infusion of IG products was 8 months, which resulted in poor neutralization of the variant strain circulating at the time of infusion. Despite limited neutralizing activity, IG prophylaxis with clinically relevant dosing protected susceptible K18-hACE2-transgenic mice against clinical disease, lung infection, and lung inflammation caused by the XBB.1.5 Omicron variant. Moreover, following IG prophylaxis, levels of XBB.1.5 infection in the lung were higher in FcγR-KO mice than in WT mice. Thus, IG replacement products with poor neutralizing activity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants likely confer protection to patients with immune deficiency disorders through Fc effector function mechanisms

SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination rescues attenuated IgG1 memory B cell response in primary antibody deficiency patients

BACKGROUND: Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have proven effective in eliciting a protective immune response in healthy individuals, their ability to induce a durable immune response in immunocompromised individuals remains poorly understood. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) syndromes are among the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in adults and are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired ability to mount robust antibody responses following infection or vaccination. METHODS: Here, we present an analysis of both the B and T cell response in a prospective cohort of 30 individuals with PAD up to 150 days following initial COVID-19 vaccination and 150 days post mRNA booster vaccination. RESULTS: After the primary vaccination series, many of the individuals with PAD syndromes mounted SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B and CD4 CONCLUSION: Together, these data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit memory B and T cells in most PAD patients and highlights the importance of booster vaccination in immunodeficient individuals

Comentário ao artigo "Escândalo e corrupção: da recriação do invisível nos Mass media"

Commented paper reference: Braga, J. Escândalo e corrupção: da recriação do invisível nos mass media. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, vol. 44, n. 1, p. 125-144, 2021.Referência do artigo comentado: Braga, J. Escândalo e corrupção: da recriação do invisível nos mass media. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, vol. 44, n. 1, p. 125-144, 2021