Vad men inte hur Musikerstudenters syn på huvudinstrumentlärarens betydelse för det egna övandet

Syftet med detta arbete är att öka kunskapen inom det eftersatta området musikerstudenters syn på lärarens roll i förhållandet till studentens övning. Hur läraren kan hjälpa eleven till ett mer effektivt övande och hur synen på övning påverkas av den högre musikutbildningens institutionskultur. Huvudfrågan var: Hur ser musikerstudenterna vid HSM på huvudinstrumentslärarens roll i förhållande till studenternas egen övning? Vi valde en kvalitativ undersökning med semistrukturerad intervju där vi intervjuade sex stycken musikerstudenter vid HSM. Samtliga studenter gick en kandidatutbildning, två gick världsmusikinriktningen, två gick improvisationsutbildningen med afro-amerikansk inriktning, en gick klassisk inriktning och en av studenterna gick kyrkomusikerutbildningen. Vi hade för avsikt att med hjälp av denna uppsats fördjupa vår förståelse för individuella inlärningsprocesser och på så vis bli bättre på att hjälpa elever att lära sig själva. När vi granskade och jämförde materialet kom vi fram till att det både finns likheter och olikheter kring elevernas syn på övning samt huvudinstrumentlärarens roll och undervisningsmetoder. Det finns olika slags student- lärarrelationer, men alla våra informanter trivs bra med sina huvudinstrumentslärare. Musikerstudenterna har olika syn på huvudinstrumentslärarens betydelse för den egna utvecklingen. Samtliga informanter får tips på vad de kan öva på av sina huvudinstrumentslärare. Hur de ska göra detta får de inte i lika stor utsträckning hjälp med. Vidare forskning inom ämnet för denna uppsats tror vi kan bidra till utveckling av mer effektiva och ändamålsenliga principer och praktiker vad gäller övningspedagogik inom högre musikutbildning. Förhoppningsvis kan vidare forskning uppmärksamma ett område som enligt oss behöver utvecklas och bana väg för framtagande av mer effektiva övningspedagogiska grepp och en högre individualisering av övningspedagogiken

Entwicklung eines Testsystems zum Screening von Glycosylierungskatalysatoren

Glycoside der 2-Acetamido-2-desoxyzucker gehören zu den wichtigsten Bestandteilen natürlich vorkommender Oligosaccharide und Glycokonjugate. Das immense Potential der Verwendung von Oxazolinen als Glycosyldonoren zur Synthese dieser Verbindungen liegt darin, dass keine weiteren Aminoschutzgruppen eingeführt werden müssen. Die gewünschte Acetamidofunktion wird direkt erhalten und die stereospezifische Reaktionsführung führt ausschließlich zu 1,2-trans-Glycosiden. Da Oxazoline im Vergleich zu anderen Glycosyldonoren unreaktiver sind, müssen allerdings geeignete Bedingungen und Aktivatoren eingesetzt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein festphasenbasiertes Testsystem in Analogie zu Kohlenhydrat-Chips mit immobilisierten Zuckeroxazolinen entwickelt, um bisher unbekannte, effiziente Aktivatoren für die Oxazolinmethode zu finden. Weiterhin wurden verschiedene potentielle Aktivatoren für die entsprechende Glycosylierung in Lösung untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit denen des Chip-Systems verglichen. Mit Hilfe der identifizierten Aktivatoren wurden verschiedene Glycoside wie z.B. fluoreszenzmarkierte Kohlenhydratsubstrate zur Untersuchung von bakteriellem Zellwandrecycling synthetisiert. Der Aktivierungsmechanismus und die Struktur des Intermediats der Oxazolinmethode sind nicht im Detail bekannt. Daher wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit EPR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Oxazolinmethode unter Aktivierung mit CuCl2 unter Zuhilfenahme von DFT-Berechnungen durchgeführt

Muropeptide Rescue in Bacillus subtilis Involves Sequential Hydrolysis by β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase and N-Acetylmuramyl-l-Alanine Amidase▿ †

We identified a pathway in Bacillus subtilis that is used for recovery of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) peptides (muropeptides) derived from the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. This pathway is encoded by a cluster of six genes, the first three of which are orthologs of Escherichia coli genes involved in N-acetylmuramic acid dissimilation and encode a MurNAc-6-phosphate etherase (MurQ), a MurNAc-6-phosphate-specific transcriptional regulator (MurR), and a MurNAc-specific phosphotransferase system (MurP). Here we characterized two other genes of this cluster. The first gene was shown to encode a cell wall-associated β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NagZ, formerly YbbD) that cleaves the terminal nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine of muropeptides and also accepts chromogenic or fluorogenic β-N-acetylglucosaminides. The second gene was shown to encode an amidase (AmiE, formerly YbbE) that hydrolyzes the N-acetylmuramyl-l-Ala bond of MurNAc peptides but not this bond of muropeptides. Hence, AmiE requires NagZ, and in conjunction these enzymes liberate MurNAc by sequential hydrolysis of muropeptides. NagZ expression was induced at late exponential phase, and it was 6-fold higher in stationary phase. NagZ is noncovalently associated with lysozyme-degradable particulate material and can be released from it with salt. A nagZ mutant accumulates muropeptides in the spent medium and displays a lytic phenotype in late stationary phase. The evidence for a muropeptide catabolic pathway presented here is the first evidence for cell wall recovery in a Gram-positive organism, and this pathway is distinct from the cell wall recycling pathway of E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria

Synthesis of Oligo-(alkyne-triplet)peptide Constructs

Copper­(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click synthesis of an Fmoc-(trispropargyl)­amino acid building block for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of oligo-(trialkyne)­peptide constructs is reported. These can carry potentially indefinite numbers of inherent alkyne-triplets, which are click derivatized with GlcNAc-azide into the corresponding glycopeptides

Recombinant Glycoprotein E of Varicella Zoster Virus Contains Glycan-Peptide Motifs That Modulate B Cell Epitopes into Discrete Immunological Signatures

A recombinant subunit vaccine (Shingrix®) was recently licensed for use against herpes zoster. This vaccine is based on glycoprotein E (gE) of varicella zoster virus (VZV), the most abundantly expressed protein of VZV, harboring sites for N- and O-linked glycosylation. The subunit vaccine elicits stronger virus-specific CD4+ T cell response as well as antibody B cell response to gE, compared to the currently used live attenuated vaccine (Zostavax®). This situation is at variance with the current notion since a live vaccine, causing an active virus infection, should be far more efficient than a subunit vaccine based on only one single viral glycoprotein. We previously found gE to be heavily glycosylated, not least by numerous clustered O-linked glycans, when it was produced in human fibroblasts. However, in contrast to Zostavax®, which is produced in fibroblasts, the recombinant gE of Shingrix® is expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Hence, the glycan occupancy and glycan structures of gE may differ considerably between the two vaccine types. Here, we aimed at (i) defining the glycan structures and positions of recombinant gE and (ii) identifying possible features of the recombinant gE O-glycosylation pattern contributing to the vaccine efficacy of Shingrix®. Firstly, recombinant gE produced in CHO cells (“Shingrix situation„) is more scarcely decorated by O-linked glycans than gE from human fibroblasts (“Zostavax situation„), with respect to glycan site occupancy. Secondly, screening of immunodominant B cell epitopes of gE, using a synthetic peptide library against serum samples from VZV-seropositive individuals, revealed that the O-linked glycan signature promoted binding of IgG antibodies via a decreased number of interfering O-linked glycans, but also via specific O-linked glycans enhancing antibody binding. These findings may, in part, explain the higher protective efficacy of Shingrix®, and can also be of relevance for development of subunit vaccines to other enveloped viruses

Linear Multiepitope (Glyco)peptides for Type-Specific Serology of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections

Detection of type-specific antibodies is an important and essential part of accurate diagnosis, even in silent carriers of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (oral) and HSV-2 (genital) infections. Serologic assays that identify HSV-1 and HSV-2 type-specific antibodies have been commercially available for more than a decade but often face problems related to cross-reactivity and similar issues. Attempts to identify type-specific peptide epitopes for use in serology for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been limited. We recently demonstrated epitope mapping of envelope glycoprotein G2 and identified a type-specific glycopeptide epitope that broadly recognized HSV-2 infected individuals. In the present work we have performed a comprehensive glycopeptide synthesis and microarray epitope mapping of 14 envelope proteins from HSV-1 and HSV-2, namely, gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, and gI, using sera from HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected individuals and control sera. Several unique type-specific peptide epitopes with high sensitivity were identified and synthesized as one large linear multiepitope sequence using microwave-assisted solid-phase (glyco)­peptide synthesis. Microarray validation with clinically defined HSV and Varicella Zoster (VZV) sera confirmed excellent cumulative specificities and sensitivities

Modification of electron transfer properties in photoelectrochemical solar cells by substituting {Ru(terpy)2}2+ dyes with thiophene

A comparison of the properties of the 2-thienyl-substituted carboxyphenyl {RuII(terpy)2} dyes with their non-substituted analogs has enabled us to gain insight into the electronic properties that are prerequisite for efficient electron injection into the TiO2 conduction band in photoelectrochem. solar cells. Introducing the thienyl group has a profound effect upon the efficiency of photoinduced electron injection. This effect can be explained by a significant shift in the LUMO position from the terpy ligand anchored on the TiO2 surface towards the 2-thienyl substituted ligand, which is shown by means of electrochem. and semi-empirical calcns