27 research outputs found

    UtvÀrdering av geotextildukar för tillfÀllig sedimentkontroll : Avseende suspenderat material, PAH samt kvicksilver

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    Geotextildukar anvĂ€nds idag som tillfĂ€llig kontroll av sedimentgrumling vid vattenarbeten. Syftet med examensarbetet Ă€r att ge ökad kunskap kring olika geotextildukars genomslĂ€pplighet med avseende pĂ„ suspenderat material, PAH (Polycykliska aromatiska kolvĂ€ten) och kvicksilver vid suspension av sediment frĂ„n Karlbergskanalen. Detta har gjorts genom en laboration. Resultaten visar att det inom nĂ„gra minuter bildas en filterkaka pĂ„ de tre undersökta dukarna. Dukarna blir tĂ€ta dĂ„ de utsĂ€tts för finpartikulĂ€rt suspenderat sediment med koncentrationen 57 g/l hĂ€mtat frĂ„n Karlbergskanalen. Under de 2,5 timmar lĂ„nga försöken har dukarnas permeabilitet kraftigt reducerats. Under laborationen var PAHtot och mĂ€ngden PAH i den filtrerade fraktionen störst vid turbiditetsmaximum. Den filtrerade fraktionen PAH följde turbiditeten och reducerades med 21 % samtidigt som turbiditeten reducerades med 24 % under försöket. Även den totala kvicksilvermĂ€ngden var störst vid turbiditetsmaximum, resultaten Ă€r dock inte statistiskt sĂ€kerstĂ€llda. Under laborationen gav en högre halt suspenderat material en lĂ€gre andel PAH i den filtrerade fraktionen, troligtvis beroende pĂ„ re-adsorption. För att utvĂ€rdera hur stor andel av PAH, kvicksilver, kadmium och koppar som befinner sig i den filtrerade fasen har det genomförts försök dĂ€r sediment och vatten skakats 3x10 timmar. Av den totala PAH koncentrationen var 0,07 % i den lösta fasen. Endast en lĂ„g andel av koppar, kadmium och kvicksilver Ă„terfanns i den lösta fasen (< 1 %). Trots den lĂ„ga andelen i den filtrerade fraktionen skulle motsvarande haltökningar i Karlbergskanalen innebĂ€ra halter lĂ„ngt över aktuella grĂ€nsvĂ€rden[1]i dukbassĂ€ngen. Innan filterkakan bildats sker ingen reduktion av turbiditeten för tvĂ„ av de tre undersökta dukarna. GeotextilskĂ€rmarna förhindrar sĂ„ledes ingen spridning av miljögifter utan bildningen av en filterkaka. Om filterkakan bildas och bestĂ„r i fĂ€lt gĂ„r inte att faststĂ€lla utifrĂ„n laborationen. [1]MKN MAC för löst Hg och Cd, NaturvĂ„rdsverkets föreslagna GV för löst Cu MKN MAC för den totala PAH koncentrationenGeotextiles are used as temporary sediment controls in water during construction work. The aim of this project is to give background information to a cost effective control program and to increase the knowledge about geotextiles and their permeability for suspended sediment, PAH and Hg for a site specific sediment. Laboratory studies have been conducted in order to evaluate three geotextiles with regard to their ability to separate suspended sediment, PAH and Hg. The results show that a filter cake is formed. The textiles became clogged within a time period of 15 minutes and no sediment passed the textiles after this. A sediment concentration of 57 g/l was used. The separation of suspended particulate matter is 28-78 % and the textile with the greatest reduction capacity was the thinnest one. The separation of PAHtot was 79 %, meanwhile the average separation of suspended sediments was 78 %. The geotextile did not reduce the dissolved fraction of PAH. This fraction was larger on the outside suggesting that the concentration of suspended material was too low to re-adsorb the dissolved PAH. The turbidity decreased with 24 % during the experiment due to sedimentation, the dissolved fraction of PAH was reduced with 21 % during the same time period. The amount of Hgtot was largest at turbidity maximum. Laboratory experiments where sediment was shaken 3x10 hours with distilled water have also been conducted in order to evaluate the amounts of PAH, Hg, Cu and Cd that partition in the dissolved phase. 0, 07 % of the total amount of PAH was found in the filtered phase and only small fractions of Cu, Cd and Hg (< 1 %). Despite the small percentage in the filtered fractions the corresponding increase in Karlbergskanalen would result in concentrations well above maximum allowed concentrations[1]in the geotextile encircled area. There is no reduction of the turbidity before the filter cake is formed. It is not possible to draw any conclusions about the formation of a filter cake in field and if a formed filter cake would be broken by hydraulic forces or not. [1]MKN MAC for dissolved Hg and Cd, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s suggested limit value for dissolved Cu, MKN MAC for the total PAH concentratio

    Bearing pressure for wooden beams under Eurocode 5 - Problems with capacity and measures of reinforcement

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    NĂ€r Eurokod 5, standarden för dimensionering av trĂ€konstruktioner, infördes i Sverige sĂ„gjordes det Ă€ven en sĂ€nkning av hĂ„llfasthetsvĂ€rden för trĂ€ vid tryck vinkelrĂ€tt fibrerna.Tidigare kapacitet pĂ„ 8 MPa för limtrĂ€klass L40 var nu för högt, och den av SverigesTekniska Forskningsinstitut (SP) reviderade CE L40c fick en kapacitet pĂ„ 2,7 MPa. Ettproblem i och med detta blev att byggnader som Ă€r konstruerade och uppförda enligtBoverkets föreskrifter inte lĂ€ngre kan utformas pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt sedan Eurokodernasinförande. Syftet med arbetet blev dĂ€rför att:‱ Ta reda pĂ„ varför sĂ€nkningen skedde‱ Ta fram nĂ„gra rĂ€kneexempel pĂ„ hur man kan Ă„tgĂ€rda för lĂ„g kapacitet vid tryckvinkelrĂ€tt fibrernaLitteraturstudien som ligger till grund för arbetet visar pĂ„ att sĂ€nkningen skedde pĂ„ grund avatt Eurokodernas provmetod för bestĂ€mning av hĂ„llfastheten skiljer sig frĂ„n den metod somBoverket anvĂ€nt. Den stora skillnaden ligger i att Eurokoderna inte utnyttjar lastspridning itrĂ€, dĂ€r lasten kan spridas frĂ„n en trĂ€fiber till en annan intilliggande och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis öka denfaktiska kapaciteten. Det kan ocksĂ„ nĂ€mnas att sjĂ€lva dimensioneringsprocessen inte har likastor betydelse som hĂ„llfasthetsklassningen.De berĂ€kningar som gjordes i enlighet med arbetets andra syfte visar lĂ€mpligaförstĂ€rkningsĂ„tgĂ€rder vid upplaget. De tre förstĂ€rkningsĂ„tgĂ€rder som har undersökts Ă€r:‱ StĂ„lplĂ„t som lĂ€ggs mellan pelare och balk för att pĂ„ sĂ„ vis utöka upplagslĂ€ngd ochdĂ€rmed sprida upplagstrycket‱ StĂ„lskruvar som skruvas in vid upplaget, tvĂ€rs fibrerna i balken‱ TrĂ€stavar som limmas in vid upplaget, tvĂ€rs fibrerna i balkenAlla berĂ€kningar utfördes med 100 kN last, balktvĂ€rsnitt pĂ„ 215x630 mm, pelartvĂ€rsnitt pĂ„215x150 mm och upplagslĂ€ngd 150 mm.‱ DĂ„ stĂ„lplĂ„tens bredd var 215 mm och med stĂ„lkvalitet s235 erhölls enligt berĂ€kningaren plĂ„ttjocklek pĂ„15 mm och en plĂ„tlĂ€ngd pĂ„ 270 mm för att klara avdimensionerande last.‱ För 6 st stĂ„lskruvar M12 4.6 och penetrationsdjup 400 mm erhölls enligt berĂ€kningaren ny karakteristisk kapacitet pĂ„ 5,6 MPa.‱ För 6 st trĂ€stavar av björk, 19 mm diameter och penetrationsdjup 400 mm erhöllsenligt berĂ€kningar en ny karakteristisk kapacitet pĂ„ 5,07 MPa.When Eurocode 5, design rules for timber structures, was introduced in Sweden there wasalso a reduction in strength values for structural timber, and especially when it comes tocompression perpendicular to the grain. Earlier on, before Eurocode 5, the capacity ofScandinavian glulam L40 was 8 MPa which now was to be revised by the Technical ResearchInstitute of Sweden (SP). The new value was set to 2.7 MPa and the new revised glulam wasnamed CE L40c. A problem now arose, namely so that existing structures (which aredesigned after the old Swedish standard BKR) no longer can be designed in the same way.The purpose of this thesis was to:‱ Find out why the reduction in capacity for compression perpendicular to the grainoccurred‱ Make a few examples through calculations on how to fix this problemThe studies of literature which this thesis is based upon indicates that the reduction incapacity was due to the very nature of how the Eurocodes determines the strength classes,and how it is different from BKR. The big difference is that in the Eurocodes there is noutilization of the physical phenomenon where the loaded wood fibres distributes the load to anearby unloaded fibre. This phenomenon greatly increases the capacity at compressionperpendicular to the grain. It should be mentioned that this work also indicates that thedesign process does not have the same impact on the design of structures as the grading ofstrength classes has.According to the second purpose of this thesis, a set of calculations were made whichindicates appropriate methods of reinforcement of a wooden beam. The three methods are:‱ A steel plate which is placed between a column and a beam to increase the supportlength and therefore spread the support stress over a larger area of the beam‱ Steel screws which are screwed into the beam at the support, perpendicular to thegrain‱ Wooden rods which are glued in place inside the beam at the support, perpendicularto the grainAll calculations were made with a load of 100 kN, cross section of the beam is 215x630 mm,cross section of the column is 215x150 mm and support length is 150 mm.‱ When the width of the steel plate is 215 mm and steel grade s235 is used, the steelplate dimensions required are, according to calculations, thickness of 15 mm andlength of 270 mm.‱ With 6 steel screws, M12 4.6 and a penetration depth of 400 mm, a new characteristiccapacity of 5.6 MPa was obtained.‱ With 6 wooden rods made out of birch, 19 mm diameter and a penetration depth of400 mm, a new characteristic capacity of 5.07 MPa was obtained

    Bearing pressure for wooden beams under Eurocode 5 - Problems with capacity and measures of reinforcement

    No full text
    NĂ€r Eurokod 5, standarden för dimensionering av trĂ€konstruktioner, infördes i Sverige sĂ„gjordes det Ă€ven en sĂ€nkning av hĂ„llfasthetsvĂ€rden för trĂ€ vid tryck vinkelrĂ€tt fibrerna.Tidigare kapacitet pĂ„ 8 MPa för limtrĂ€klass L40 var nu för högt, och den av SverigesTekniska Forskningsinstitut (SP) reviderade CE L40c fick en kapacitet pĂ„ 2,7 MPa. Ettproblem i och med detta blev att byggnader som Ă€r konstruerade och uppförda enligtBoverkets föreskrifter inte lĂ€ngre kan utformas pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt sedan Eurokodernasinförande. Syftet med arbetet blev dĂ€rför att:‱ Ta reda pĂ„ varför sĂ€nkningen skedde‱ Ta fram nĂ„gra rĂ€kneexempel pĂ„ hur man kan Ă„tgĂ€rda för lĂ„g kapacitet vid tryckvinkelrĂ€tt fibrernaLitteraturstudien som ligger till grund för arbetet visar pĂ„ att sĂ€nkningen skedde pĂ„ grund avatt Eurokodernas provmetod för bestĂ€mning av hĂ„llfastheten skiljer sig frĂ„n den metod somBoverket anvĂ€nt. Den stora skillnaden ligger i att Eurokoderna inte utnyttjar lastspridning itrĂ€, dĂ€r lasten kan spridas frĂ„n en trĂ€fiber till en annan intilliggande och pĂ„ sĂ„ vis öka denfaktiska kapaciteten. Det kan ocksĂ„ nĂ€mnas att sjĂ€lva dimensioneringsprocessen inte har likastor betydelse som hĂ„llfasthetsklassningen.De berĂ€kningar som gjordes i enlighet med arbetets andra syfte visar lĂ€mpligaförstĂ€rkningsĂ„tgĂ€rder vid upplaget. De tre förstĂ€rkningsĂ„tgĂ€rder som har undersökts Ă€r:‱ StĂ„lplĂ„t som lĂ€ggs mellan pelare och balk för att pĂ„ sĂ„ vis utöka upplagslĂ€ngd ochdĂ€rmed sprida upplagstrycket‱ StĂ„lskruvar som skruvas in vid upplaget, tvĂ€rs fibrerna i balken‱ TrĂ€stavar som limmas in vid upplaget, tvĂ€rs fibrerna i balkenAlla berĂ€kningar utfördes med 100 kN last, balktvĂ€rsnitt pĂ„ 215x630 mm, pelartvĂ€rsnitt pĂ„215x150 mm och upplagslĂ€ngd 150 mm.‱ DĂ„ stĂ„lplĂ„tens bredd var 215 mm och med stĂ„lkvalitet s235 erhölls enligt berĂ€kningaren plĂ„ttjocklek pĂ„15 mm och en plĂ„tlĂ€ngd pĂ„ 270 mm för att klara avdimensionerande last.‱ För 6 st stĂ„lskruvar M12 4.6 och penetrationsdjup 400 mm erhölls enligt berĂ€kningaren ny karakteristisk kapacitet pĂ„ 5,6 MPa.‱ För 6 st trĂ€stavar av björk, 19 mm diameter och penetrationsdjup 400 mm erhöllsenligt berĂ€kningar en ny karakteristisk kapacitet pĂ„ 5,07 MPa.When Eurocode 5, design rules for timber structures, was introduced in Sweden there wasalso a reduction in strength values for structural timber, and especially when it comes tocompression perpendicular to the grain. Earlier on, before Eurocode 5, the capacity ofScandinavian glulam L40 was 8 MPa which now was to be revised by the Technical ResearchInstitute of Sweden (SP). The new value was set to 2.7 MPa and the new revised glulam wasnamed CE L40c. A problem now arose, namely so that existing structures (which aredesigned after the old Swedish standard BKR) no longer can be designed in the same way.The purpose of this thesis was to:‱ Find out why the reduction in capacity for compression perpendicular to the grainoccurred‱ Make a few examples through calculations on how to fix this problemThe studies of literature which this thesis is based upon indicates that the reduction incapacity was due to the very nature of how the Eurocodes determines the strength classes,and how it is different from BKR. The big difference is that in the Eurocodes there is noutilization of the physical phenomenon where the loaded wood fibres distributes the load to anearby unloaded fibre. This phenomenon greatly increases the capacity at compressionperpendicular to the grain. It should be mentioned that this work also indicates that thedesign process does not have the same impact on the design of structures as the grading ofstrength classes has.According to the second purpose of this thesis, a set of calculations were made whichindicates appropriate methods of reinforcement of a wooden beam. The three methods are:‱ A steel plate which is placed between a column and a beam to increase the supportlength and therefore spread the support stress over a larger area of the beam‱ Steel screws which are screwed into the beam at the support, perpendicular to thegrain‱ Wooden rods which are glued in place inside the beam at the support, perpendicularto the grainAll calculations were made with a load of 100 kN, cross section of the beam is 215x630 mm,cross section of the column is 215x150 mm and support length is 150 mm.‱ When the width of the steel plate is 215 mm and steel grade s235 is used, the steelplate dimensions required are, according to calculations, thickness of 15 mm andlength of 270 mm.‱ With 6 steel screws, M12 4.6 and a penetration depth of 400 mm, a new characteristiccapacity of 5.6 MPa was obtained.‱ With 6 wooden rods made out of birch, 19 mm diameter and a penetration depth of400 mm, a new characteristic capacity of 5.07 MPa was obtained

    Sustainability Aspects of Bioenergy and Nutrient Recovery from Marine Biomass : Baltic Sea case studies

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    Coastal areas around the world are experiencing environmental problems such as climate change and eutrophication. These, in turn, lead to emerging challenges with excessive amounts of biomass that impact coastal communities. Developing utilisation strategies for marine biomass is therefore highly relevant and forms part of the blue growth research field. In response to environmental concerns, as a waste management strategy and as part of blue growth research initiatives, several Baltic Sea coastal projects have been initiated in recent years to study utilisation of maritime biomass. However, the sustainability of these utilisation strategies has not been critically appraised. Therefore, the work presented in this thesis explored some key sustainability aspects of two Baltic Sea case studies utilising common reed (Kalmar, Sweden) and mass-occurring filamentous macroalgae (Trelleborg, Sweden) for biogas and biofertiliser recovery. Energy analyses suggested that both case studies could provide a positive energy balance and have the potential to achieve nutrient recovery. Moreover, a contingent valuation study in Trelleborg demonstrated considerable welfare benefits of biomass utilisation. These findings indicate that marine biomass utilisation strategies highlight potential to contribute to environmental and welfare benefits of these coastal communities.QC 20141126</p

    Experter i morgon- och kvÀllspress

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    The thesis examines how Swedish newspapers use experts to legitimize their news reports. The method used is a textual analysis, focusing on the form of the articles and their content. This is done with a media theory and different theoretical perspectives on expert function, and their way of operating with an agenda. The thesis analysis 60 randomly selected news articles. The articles are published on the same day and in six different magazines. The analysis consist of two major daily newspapers, two regional newspapers and two evening papers. Conclusions of the essay is that experts are used to legitimate news organizations. The type of experts that is used depends on the type of newspaper it appears in. The usage is also dependent on competitors' reporting. The experts are sometimes used to give the newspaper a unique character compared to its competing newspapers. Several types of experts are present and certain types of experts that could be present are not

    Sustainability Aspects of Bioenergy and Nutrient Recovery from Marine Biomass : Baltic Sea case studies

    No full text
    Coastal areas around the world are experiencing environmental problems such as climate change and eutrophication. These, in turn, lead to emerging challenges with excessive amounts of biomass that impact coastal communities. Developing utilisation strategies for marine biomass is therefore highly relevant and forms part of the blue growth research field. In response to environmental concerns, as a waste management strategy and as part of blue growth research initiatives, several Baltic Sea coastal projects have been initiated in recent years to study utilisation of maritime biomass. However, the sustainability of these utilisation strategies has not been critically appraised. Therefore, the work presented in this thesis explored some key sustainability aspects of two Baltic Sea case studies utilising common reed (Kalmar, Sweden) and mass-occurring filamentous macroalgae (Trelleborg, Sweden) for biogas and biofertiliser recovery. Energy analyses suggested that both case studies could provide a positive energy balance and have the potential to achieve nutrient recovery. Moreover, a contingent valuation study in Trelleborg demonstrated considerable welfare benefits of biomass utilisation. These findings indicate that marine biomass utilisation strategies highlight potential to contribute to environmental and welfare benefits of these coastal communities.QC 20141126</p

    Testing tools - Schools Columbus Àgg? : A comparision of two tests which can be used for detecting students with reading and writing disabilities.

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    Det finns mĂ„nga olika typer av tester som anvĂ€nds i skolan för att upptĂ€cka lĂ€s- och skrivsvĂ„righeter hos elever. Dessa tester saknar vetenskaplig grund men anvĂ€nds Ă€ndĂ„ i skolan. Detta arbete har dĂ€rför undersökt tvĂ„ tester, ett screeningtest – LĂ€skedjor-2, och ett kartlĂ€ggningstest – KartlĂ€ggaren. Dessa tester valdes specifikt för att de anvĂ€nds i Linköpings kommun. Det Ă€r tvĂ„ olika typer av tester som undersöks i den hĂ€r uppsatsen, men en del av förmĂ„gorna som testas Ă€r desamma för testerna och dĂ€rför jĂ€mförbara. Materialet har analyserats med hjĂ€lp av en kritisk hermeneutisk analysmetod. Metoden Ă€r baserad pĂ„ Phillips &amp; Browns fem steg för kritisk hermeneutisk analys. Med hjĂ€lp av analysen blev mĂ„nga skillnader tydliga, men den största skiljelinjen mellan testerna Ă€r normeringen av testen och testernas höga respektive lĂ„ga validitet och reliabilitet.

    Vem vet bÀst i en postsanningsvÀrld? En kritisk textanalys av samhÀllsvetenskapens förhÄllning till postsanningsbegreppet

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    Uppsatsen tar utgÄngspunkt i en pÄgÄende diskussion kring postsanningsbegreppet och fokuserar pÄ hur det samhÀllsvetenskapliga forskningsfÀltet empiriskt och teoretiskt belÀgger hur vi befinner oss i ett postsanningssamhÀlle. Studiens syfte Àr att utifrÄn en kritisk textanalys analysera det akademiska samtalet om postsanningsbegreppets bakomliggande mekanismer, sanningsansprÄk och empiriska belÀgg för postsanningsbegreppets etablering. Det teoretiska ramverket bestÄr av teorier kring de bakomliggande mekanismer samt vetenskapsteoretiska utgÄngspunkter i sociologins sanningsansprÄk. Uppsatsens slutdiskussion bottnar i en vidare diskussion om samhÀllsvetenskapens vetenskapliga förhÄllningsÀtt till postsanningsbegreppet och ett teoretiskt resonerande och förklarande kring de bakomliggande mekanismerna. Uppsatsen belyser hur postsanningsbegreppet kan ses som ett metanarrativ av nyhetsmediernas skiftande sanningsmonopol och hur det samhÀllsvetenskapliga forskningsfÀltet, i relation till det akademiska samtalet kring postsanning, försöker positionera sig kring begreppet

    Den demokratiska skolan

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    Studien Ă€r en fallstudie som genom intervjuer och en textanalys undersöker vilken demokratisyn och vilka vĂ€rden som förmedlas till eleverna. UtgĂ„ngspunkten Ă€r Lennart Lundquists offentliga etos och de demokrativĂ€rden som etoset innehĂ„ller samt JĂŒrgen Habermas deliberativa demokratiteori. Skolans styrdokument i form av lag, lĂ€roplan, handlingsprogram och strategier undersöks i en diskursanalys och kompletteras sedan med tvĂ„ gruppintervjuer av nio elever i Ă„rskurs tre pĂ„ en gymnasieskola. Slutsatsen Ă€r att styrdokumenten genomgripande talar om demokrati och inflytande, bĂ„de som en beslutsform och som en demokratisk kompetens för att fostra framtida medborgare. Den deliberativa demokratisynen nĂ€mns flera gĂ„nger explicit som ett mĂ„l för skolan. De intervjuade eleverna kĂ€nner en tilltro till demokratin i teorin men upplever att demokratisk vĂ€rden och principer Ă„sidosĂ€tts i samhĂ€llet. Eleverna upplever demokratin frĂ€mst som ett system att fatta beslut genom röstning och har dĂ€rför inte fullt ut rustats för att bli medborgare med demokratisk kompetens
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