Evaluación de seis fórmulas usadas para el cálculo de la superficie corporal

Antecedentes: La superficie corporal es unavariable antropométrica que se obtiene aplicandofórmulas basadas en el peso y en la talla.Algunas fórmulas se han diseñado para aplicarsementalmente o con calculadoras de bolsillo, perola exactitud de estas fórmulas «fáciles» no seha evaluado sistemáticamente.Objetivos: evaluar la correlación de cincofórmulas «fáciles» con la fórmula de Boyd, yproponer una fórmula nueva basada solo en latalla, desarrollada por uno de los autores(Rincón).Material y métodos: se tomaron 518 datos depeso y talla de las tablas de crecimiento delNational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).Todos los datos se procesaron con MicrosoftExcel®. Se realizo una regresión lineal con cadauna de las fórmulas para encontrar el coeficientede correlación (r), coeficiente de determinación(r2), pendiente de la recta (m), intersección dela recta (b), y valor p.Resultados. Se consideraron fórmulas adecuadasaquellas con r ³ 0.99, r2³ 0.98, m = 1 ± 0.10,b = 0 ± 0.05 y valor p and lt; 0.05. Cuatro de lasseis fórmulas evaluadas cumplen con loscriterios de selección, entre ellas la nuevafórmula propuesta.Conclusiones. La superficie corporal debeobtenerse en lo posible con fórmulas que utilicenpeso y talla, pero en los casos en los quealguno de estos datos no esté disponible, se puedeacudir a la fórmula correspondiente

Impact of soft-hydrothermal pre-treatments on the olive mill solid waste characteristics and its subsequent amaerobic digestion

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a soft-hydrothermal pre-treatment (SHP) on olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and its subsequent anaerobic digestion (AD). OMSW was pre-treated in an autoclave at temperatures of 121 ºC and 133 ºC and excess pressures of 1.1 and 2.1 bars, respectively at heating times of 15, 20 and 30 minutes. The digestibility of pre-treated and untreated OMSW was determined in terms of methane potential through using biochemical methane potentials tests (BMP). An important solubilisation of high valuable compounds such us hydroxytyrosol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol was observed after pre-treatments. SHP showed a significant reduction on fiber length and width (p < 0.05). A higher polysaccharides solubilisation was observed in treatment at 121 ºC comparing with that observed at 133 ºC. SHP carried out at 121 ºC, 1.1 bar (30 min) (pre-treatment A1), allowed obtaining the highest methane yield (380 ± 5 mL CH4/g VS), which was 12.3% higher than that obtained for untreated OMSW. Pearson correlation (PEC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were carried out. PEC showed a positive correlation with phenol vanillic acid and PCA grouped pre-treatment A1 with polysaccharides solubilization. The influence of the SHP conditions on the AD of OMSW was assessed through the monitoring of process performance and calculation of kinetic parameters by using the Transference Function model

Accidentalidad por riesgo biológico en estudiantes de Instrumentación Quirúrgica, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, seccional Pereira 2002 - 2009

Introducción: este trabajo reporta el comportamiento de los accidentes de riesgo biológico en estudiantes del programa de Instrumentación Quirúrgica, periodo 2002-2009, con el fin de identificar la tendencia y características de los accidentes, y proporcionar bases para la evaluación en el cumplimiento del protocolo. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, mediante el cual se midió el comportamiento de los accidentes de riesgo biológico sufridos en los estudiantes de Instrumentación Quirúrgica de V a VIII semestre, de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina de Pereira, 2002 - 2009. Resultados: de 1046 estudiantes que matricularon y cursaron práctica hospitalaria, se presentaron 76 accidentes de riesgo biológico, de los cuales solo al 25% se le reportaron maniobras de descontaminación. Con relación a la inmunidad de los estudiantes contra el virus de la Hepatitis B (VHB), un 71% de los accidentados tenían la vacuna. En cuanto a la caracterización de los accidentes de riesgo biológico en la población de estudio, se observó que el pinchazo es el accidente más común, con un promedio de 4,75 pinchazos por año, seguido por heridas; pinchazos que fueron ocasionados por agujas de sutura en un 32%, agujas hipodérmicas en un 26%, y 16% por hojas de bisturí. Conclusión: la accidentalidad dentro de los estudiantes de Instrumentación Quirúrgica es un fenómeno frecuente de ocurrencia mundial y regional. Según los datos de este estudio, se deben tomar medidas a todo nivel que puedan garantizar el buen desarrollo en las prácticas de adiestramiento de los estudiantes.AbstractAccidentalidad for biological risk in students of Surgical Instrumentation, University Foundation of the Andean Area, sectional Pereira 2002 - 2009Introduction: this study investigates the behavior of biological risk accidents students surgical instrumentation program from 2002 to 2009, to identify trends and characteristics of accidents and provide a basis for assessing compliance protocol. Methods: a descriptive study, which was measured by the behavior of biological risk of accidents suffered in Surgical Instrumentation students from V to VIII semester of the Fundacion Universitaria del Area Andina Pereira, from 2002 to 2009. Results: of 1046 students enrolled and hospital workshop, there were 76 accidents of biological risk, of which only 25% were reported maneuvers of decontamination. Regarding the immunity of students against Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 71% of those injured had the vaccine. As for the characterization of biological risk accidents in the study population, it was noted that the jab is the most common accident with an average of 4.75 per year punctures, followed by injuries, which were caused by suture needles 32%, hypodermic needles by 26% and 16% for scalpel blades. Conclusion: the accident rate for students in surgical instrumentation is a frequent phenomenon of global and regional occurrence. According to data from this study, we must take action at every level that can ensure safe practices training of students.Keywords: biosecurity, risk from biological agents

The influence of anthropogenic activities on the concentration of pesticides, physicochemical and microbiological properties in the Chumbao river, Andahuaylas, Perú

The province of Andahuaylas is located in the region of Apurimac, a Peruvian city located in the Andes. Andahuaylas has three important districts: San Jerónimo, Andahuaylas and Talavera. These areas are highly populated, and their buildings are close to the Chumbao River. This research aimed to determine the influence of anthropogenic activities on the concentration of pesticides, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics in the Chumbao River. Five agricultural activities, 19 organochlorine pesticides, and 25 organophosphorus pesticides were studied. Eighteen physicochemical properties and two microbiological properties were also studied at seven sampling points along the Chumbao River during the rainy and dry seasons. Several veterinary and agricultural products were identified in the agricultural activities studied. However, no significant concentration values of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides were found; no weed control products were found. In the case of livestock farming, albendazole and ivermectin are frequently used as anthelmintics. Organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides are used to control flies and other ectoparasites. Several pesticides have been identified in the surveys in the case of quinoa, potato, and corn crops. Some of the physicochemical and microbiological properties are above environmental quality standards according to current Peruvian regulations; these properties increase at points where wastewater is discharged directly into the river. The study evidenced a progressive deterioration of water quality in the Chumbao River caused by anthropic activities in the basin. These may cause infectious and parasitic diseases in the urban population of the Chumbao river valley

Modified Polymeric Biosorbents from Rumex acetosella for the Removal of Heavy Metals in Wastewater

The contamination of water resources by effluents from various industries often contains heavy metals, which cause irreversible damage to the environment and health. The objective was to evaluate different biosorbents from the weed Rumex acetosella to remove metal cations in wastewater. Drying, grinding and sieving of the stems was carried out to obtain the biomass, re taining the fractions of 250 to 500 µm and 500 to 750 µm, which served to obtain the biosorbents in natura (unmodified), acidic, alkaline, and mixed. Proximal analysis, PZC, TOC, removal capacity, influence of pH, functional groups, thermal analysis, structural characteristics, adsorption iso therms, and kinetic study were evaluated. The 250 µm mixed treatment was the one that presented the highest removal percentages, mainly due to the OH, NH, -C-H, COOH, and C-O functional groups achieving the removal of up to 96.14% of lead, 36.30% of zinc, 34.10% of cadmium and 32.50% of arsenic. For contact times of 120 min and an optimum pH of 5.0, a loss of cellulose mass of 59% at 328 °C and a change in the surface of the material were also observed, which allowed for obtaining a topography with greater chelating capacity, and the Langmuir and pseudo-second or der models were better fitted to the adsorption data. The new biosorbents could be used in wastewater treatment economically and efficiently

Microencapsulation of Erythrocytes Extracted from Cavia porcellus Blood in Matrices of Tara Gum and Native Potato Starch

Ferropenic anemy is the leading iron deficiency disease in the world. The aim was to encapsulate erythrocytes extracted from the blood of Cavia porcellus, in matrices of tara gum and native potato starch. For microencapsulation, solutions were prepared with 20% erythrocytes; and encapsulants at 5, 10, and 20%. The mixtures were spray-dried at 120 and 140 ◦C. The iron content in the erythrocytes was 3.30 mg/g and between 2.32 and 2.05 mg/g for the encapsulates (p < 0.05). The yield of the treatments varied between 47.84 and 58.73%. The moisture, water activity, and bulk density were influenced by the temperature and proportion of encapsulants. The total organic carbon in the atomized samples was around 14%. The particles had diverse reddish tonalities, which were heterogeneous in their form and size; openings on their surface were also observed by SEM. The particle size was at the nanometer level, and the zeta potential (ζ) indicated a tendency to agglomerate and precipitation the solutions. The presence of iron was observed on the surface of the atomized by SEM-EDX, and FTIR confirmed the encapsulation due to the presence of the chemical groups OH, C-O, C-H, and N-H in the atomized. On the other hand, high percentages of iron release in vitro were obtained between 88.45 and 94.71%. The treatment with the lowest proportion of encapsulants performed at 140 ◦C obtained the best results and could potentially be used to fortify different functional foods

Rheological and functional properties of dark chocolate with partial substitution of peanuts and sacha inchi

Chocolate is a widely consumed product, due to the contribution of fats and antioxidant compounds; the addition of other components makes it possible to increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, although they can affect its rheological properties. The influence of the partial addition of peanut paste and Sacha Inchi on the rheological and functional properties of dark chocolate was evaluated. Cocoa beans, peanuts, and Sacha Inchi were refined in order to obtain the cocoa paste (PC), peanut paste (PM), and Sacha Inchi paste (PSI). Then, mixtures between 0 to 20% of PM and PSI were formulated, and the rheological properties were evaluated at 30, 40, and 50 C; these were adjusted to mathematical models. Functional groups were identified by FTIR in ATR mode, and it was observed that the partial addition of PM and PSI did not show significant changes in the shear stress and apparent viscosity of the mixture, although they did show dependence on temperature. The Herschel–Bulkley model showed a better adjustment (R2 > 0.999), reporting behavior index values, n < 1.0, and indicating pseudo-plastic behavior for pastes and formulations. The yield limit ty and the consistency index kH increased significantly with the addition of PM and PSI, but they decreased with increasing temperature. The activation energy show values between 13.98 to 18.74 kJ/mol, and it increased significantly with the addition of PM and PSI. Infrared analysis evidenced the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, coming mainly from PSI and PM. The addition of PM and PSI does not influence the rheological properties and allows for an increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Insights from Water Quality of High Andean Springs for Human Consumption in Perú

The headwaters of the high Andean basin in Peru accumulate water from the mist, rain, snow, and hail, and it is transported superficially and underground to low-lying areas, mostly used for drinkable purposes. The natural water in these areas might be altered due to legal and illegal mining extraction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the water quality for human consumption. Seventeen water samples were examined from Andahuaylas (A), San Jerónimo (S), Talavera (T), and Chiara (CH) districts located between 2813 and 4004 m altitude in the Andes. We used physic ochemical, microbiological, and metal parameters, and the results were compared to permissible levels established by the WHO and ECA-Peru to examine samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons in 2019. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) identified areas and conditioning parameters. Extractive mining activity influences the quality of springs due to the presence of metals, especially antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), values of which are higher than values permissible for human consumption, being higher in the dry season (p < 0.05). In addition, the presence of cations and particulate matter affects physico-chemical parameters, for example turbidity. PCA showed that parameters for water characterization are season-independent, and water quality in the springs would be conditioned by the presence of metals, especially in Andahuaylas and Talavera zones, as well as the parameters that are associated with dissolved solids in the water (turbidity and fluorides). A frequent monitoring program of springs and groundwater is recommended, with the purpose to protect water from contamination and guarantee safe water availability in low-lying and urbanized areas