4 research outputs found

    Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

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    178 p.Por medio de t茅cnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-贸ptico (MOKE) y una extensi贸n del mismo, la elipsometr铆a magneto-贸ptica generalizada (GME), investigo fen贸menos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintr贸nica en l谩minas finas met谩licas fabricadas por medio de deposici贸n cat贸dica, recurriendo a la modelizaci贸n num茅rica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detecci贸n con GME de la acumulaci贸n de esp铆n en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de esp铆n (SHE). Separando se帽ales espurias de se帽ales MOKE observo que estas 煤ltimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magn茅ticas de Co con anisotrop铆a magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotaci贸n de la magnetizaci贸n del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulaci贸n espacial de la interacci贸n de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por 煤ltimo, exponiendo un material ferromagn茅tico a un campo magn茅tico externo que oscila, estudio c贸mo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transici贸n de fase entre un estado din谩micamente ordenado y otro din谩micamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transici贸n y compar谩ndolo con el diagrama de fase de la transici贸n de fase termodin谩mica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida

    Ab initio study of anharmonicity in high pressure Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen

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    Hydrogen is the only atom for which the Schr odinger equation is solvable. Consisting only of a proton and an electron, hydrogen is the lightest element and, nevertheless, is far from being simple. Under ambient conditions, it forms diatomic molecules H2 in gas phase, but di erent temperature and pressures lead to a complex phase diagram, which is not completely known yet. Solid hydrogen was rst documented in 1899 [1] and was found to be isolating. At higher pressures, however, hydrogen can be metallized. In 1935 Wigner and Huntington predicted that the metallization pressure would be 25 GPa [2], where molecules would disociate to form a monoatomic metal, as alkali metals that lie below hydrogen in the periodic table. The prediction of the metallization pressure turned out to be wrong: metallic hydrogen has not been found yet, even under a pressure as high as 320 GPa. Nevertheless, extrapolations based on optical measurements suggest that a metallic phase may be attained at 450 GPa [3]. The interest of material scientist in metallic hydrogen can be attributed, at least to a great extent, to Ashcroft, who in 1968 suggested that such a system could be a hightemperature superconductor [4]. The temperature at which this material would exhibit a transition from a superconducting to a non-superconducting state (Tc) was estimated to be around room temperature. The implications of such a statement are very interesting in the eld of astrophysics: in planets that contain a big quantity of hydrogen and whose temperature is below Tc, superconducting hydrogen may be found, specially at the center, where the gravitational pressure is high. This might be the case of Jupiter, whose proportion of hydrogen is about 90%. There are also speculations suggesting that the high magnetic eld of Jupiter is due to persistent currents related to the superconducting phase [5]. Metallization and superconductivity of hydrogen has puzzled scientists for decades, and the community is trying to answer several questions. For instance, what is the structure of hydrogen at very high pressures? Or a more general one: what is the maximum Tc a phonon-mediated superconductor can have [6]? A great experimental e ort has been carried out pursuing metallic hydrogen and trying to answer the questions above; however, the characterization of solid phases of hydrogen is a hard task. Achieving the high pressures needed to get the sought phases requires advanced technologies. Diamond anvil cells (DAC) are commonly used devices. These devices consist of two diamonds with a tip of small area; for this reason, when a force is applied, the pressure exerted is very big. This pressure is uniaxial, but it can be turned into hydrostatic pressure using transmitting media. Nowadays, this method makes it possible to reach pressures higher than 300 GPa, but even at this pressure hydrogen does not show metallic properties. A recently developed technique that is an improvement of DAC can reach pressures as high as 600 GPa [7], so it is a promising step forward in high pressure physics. Another drawback is that the electronic density of the structures is so low that X-ray di raction patterns have low resolution. For these reasons, ab initio studies are an important source of knowledge in this eld, within their limitations. When treating hydrogen, there are many subtleties in the calculations: as the atoms are so light, the ions forming the crystalline lattice have signi cant displacements even when temperatures are very low, and even at T=0 K, due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Thus, the energy corresponding to this zero-point (ZP) motion is signi cant and has to be included in an accurate determination of the most stable phase. This has been done including ZP vibrational energies within the harmonic approximation for a range of pressures and at T=0 K, giving rise to a series of structures that are stable in their respective pressure ranges [8]. Very recently, a treatment of the phases of hydrogen that includes anharmonicity in ZP energies has suggested that relative stability of the phases may change with respect to the calculations within the harmonic approximation [9]. Many of the proposed structures for solid hydrogen have been investigated. Particularly, the Cmca-4 structure, which was found to be the stable one from 385-490 GPa [8], is metallic. Calculations for this structure, within the harmonic approximation for the ionic motion, predict a Tc up to 242 K at 450 GPa [10]. Nonetheless, due to the big ionic displacements, the harmonic approximation may not su ce to describe correctly the system. The aim of this work is to apply a recently developed method to treat anharmonicity, the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation (SSCHA) [11], to Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen. This way, we will be able to study the e ects of anharmonicity in the phonon spectrum and to try to understand the changes it may provoque in the value of Tc. The work is structured as follows. First we present the theoretical basis of the calculations: Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the electronic calculations, phonons in the harmonic approximation and the SSCHA. Then we apply these methods to Cmca-4 hydrogen and we discuss the results obtained. In the last chapter we draw some conclusions and propose possible future work

    Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

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    178 p.Por medio de t茅cnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-贸ptico (MOKE) y una extensi贸n del mismo, la elipsometr铆a magneto-贸ptica generalizada (GME), investigo fen贸menos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintr贸nica en l谩minas finas met谩licas fabricadas por medio de deposici贸n cat贸dica, recurriendo a la modelizaci贸n num茅rica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detecci贸n con GME de la acumulaci贸n de esp铆n en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de esp铆n (SHE). Separando se帽ales espurias de se帽ales MOKE observo que estas 煤ltimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magn茅ticas de Co con anisotrop铆a magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotaci贸n de la magnetizaci贸n del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulaci贸n espacial de la interacci贸n de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por 煤ltimo, exponiendo un material ferromagn茅tico a un campo magn茅tico externo que oscila, estudio c贸mo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transici贸n de fase entre un estado din谩micamente ordenado y otro din谩micamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transici贸n y compar谩ndolo con el diagrama de fase de la transici贸n de fase termodin谩mica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida

    Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

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    178 p.Por medio de t茅cnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-贸ptico (MOKE) y una extensi贸n del mismo, la elipsometr铆a magneto-贸ptica generalizada (GME), investigo fen贸menos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintr贸nica en l谩minas finas met谩licas fabricadas por medio de deposici贸n cat贸dica, recurriendo a la modelizaci贸n num茅rica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detecci贸n con GME de la acumulaci贸n de esp铆n en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de esp铆n (SHE). Separando se帽ales espurias de se帽ales MOKE observo que estas 煤ltimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magn茅ticas de Co con anisotrop铆a magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotaci贸n de la magnetizaci贸n del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulaci贸n espacial de la interacci贸n de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por 煤ltimo, exponiendo un material ferromagn茅tico a un campo magn茅tico externo que oscila, estudio c贸mo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transici贸n de fase entre un estado din谩micamente ordenado y otro din谩micamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transici贸n y compar谩ndolo con el diagrama de fase de la transici贸n de fase termodin谩mica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida
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