Aspects of the Feeding Behavior of \u3ci\u3eScolytus Multistriatus\u3c/i\u3e (Marsham) (Scoltytidae: Coleoptera) and Implications for Control

(excerpt) Successful protection of elm trees can only be accomplished by means of thorough understanding of the feeding behavior of the smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham). Wolfenbarger and Buchanan (1939) and Whitten (1958) noted that most feeding occurred in the outer portion of the upper crown region, but offered no quantitative data. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate the regional distribution of feeding injuries along a vertical and horizontal gradient in native American elm, Ulmus americana L

Rearing of \u3ci\u3eScolytus Multistraiatus\u3c/i\u3e (Marsham) (Scolytidae: Coleoptera) for Toxicological Experiments

(excerpt) In a study of the oral and contact toxicity of methoxychlor residues to the smaller European elm bark beetle, S, multistriatus, it is essential to have beetle material available which is of uniform physiological condition and age (Riedl, 197 3). Several rearing containers for bark beetles have been described in the literature (Clark and Osgood, 1964; Fox, 1958; Germain and Wygant, 1967; Schmitz, 1972). A common problem in such containers appears to be fungus growth on the logs due to insufficient ventilation and high humidity. Although these environmental conditions might not cause high mortality, they can render emerging beetles unsuitable for bioassays. In order to guarantee fresh beetle material of uniform age newly emerged beetles must be extracted immediately. This paper describes emergence drums with a ventilation system that prevents fungus growth. Also described is an efficient extraction device which prevented the insect from moving back into the rearing container once it reached the collecting apparatus

The Palaokarst of Chios and Pholegandros - types of widespread karst generations in Greece

In contrast to the Miocene polje karst (Chios) with deeply incised v-shaped valleys and kehltôler the Plio/Pleistocene polje karst (Pholegandros) is marked by the association of pediments, glacis and coastal marginal pediments. Moreover the axes of the karst basins don't reach some decakilometers like in the case of the Miocene poljes, but only a few kilometers of length. Typical of the Plio/Pleistocene karst is the absence of open ponors and often dominates the diffuse drying up of the winterly precipitation on allochthonous sandy clay-fillings of the polje's bottom. The genesis of both palaeokarst types is closely controlled by the palaeoclimat

Fewer Faces Displayed Simultaneously, Less Videoconference Fatigue in Distance Learning? An Experimental Study

In the last two years, there has been a massive use of videoconferencing tools for distance learning all over the world. However, a feeling of fatigue has been found among students. Researchers have proposed multiple problems in the online interaction with human faces that may contribute to videoconference fatigue (VCF). To contribute to this upcoming new research domain, this study investigates whether VCF can be reduced if we change the unnatural interaction with multiple enlarged faces on videoconferencing tools. We compare Zoom’s “speaker view” with “gallery view”, and based on theoretical insights from the information processing and brain research domains, we argue that Zoom “gallery view” leads to higher fatigue and stress levels than “speaker view”. Moreover, we investigate whether the face manipulation (“gallery view” vs. “speaker view”) affects learning outcome and learning satisfaction, as well as the role of fatigue and stress as mediators in this relationship

SEASONAL BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE DOGWOOD BORER, SYNANTHEDON SCITULA (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) ON CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS IN NEW YORK

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), is a relatively new pest problem on apples. Larvae feed principally in burr knots on the above-ground portion of clonal rootstocks. According to a survey of 33 orchards on dwarf or semidwarf apple root-stocks, about 70% of the trees had burr knots. The tendency to develop burr knots was similar among the rootstocks examined in this survey. The proportion of trees infested with dogwood borer in an orchard ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 30%. The dogwood borer overwinters in the larval stage (2nd to 6th instar) and pupates in the feeding tunnel. Emergence and pheromone-trap records indicate 1 generation a year. In western New York, adults begin to emerge in mid-June, peak in mid-July, and continue to emerge through September. In several tests conducted over a 3-year period, chlorpyrifos at 180 g/100 L provided the most consistent control. At this rate a single spray timed to first or peak egg hatch was as effective as 2 sprays. Latex paint applied by brush to the trunk at the beginning of the oviposition period also reduced the infestation. In established plantings, dogwood borer can also be controlled by berming with soil up to the graft union to prevent access to burr knots. Destroying burr knots chemically with naphthalene acetic acid will not eliminate an infestation and may invite other borer problem