The Functional DRD3 Ser9Gly Polymorphism (rs6280) Is Pleiotropic, Affecting Reward as Well as Movement

Abnormalities of motivation and behavior in the context of reward are a fundamental component of addiction and mood disorders. Here we test the effect of a functional missense mutation in the dopamine 3 receptor (DRD3) gene (ser9gly, rs6280) on reward-associated dopamine (DA) release in the striatum. Twenty-six healthy controls (HCs) and 10 unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) completed two positron emission tomography (PET) scans with [11C]raclopride using the bolus plus constant infusion method. On one occasion subjects completed a sensorimotor task (control condition) and on another occasion subjects completed a gambling task (reward condition). A linear regression analysis controlling for age, sex, diagnosis, and self-reported anhedonia indicated that during receipt of unpredictable monetary reward the glycine allele was associated with a greater reduction in D2/3 receptor binding (i.e., increased reward-related DA release) in the middle (anterior) caudate (p<0.01) and the ventral striatum (p<0.05). The possible functional effect of the ser9gly polymorphism on DA release is consistent with previous work demonstrating that the glycine allele yields D3 autoreceptors that have a higher affinity for DA and display more robust intracellular signaling. Preclinical evidence indicates that chronic stress and aversive stimulation induce activation of the DA system, raising the possibility that the glycine allele, by virtue of its facilitatory effect on striatal DA release, increases susceptibility to hyperdopaminergic responses that have previously been associated with stress, addiction, and psychosis

Elaboration d'une cartographie des risques et d'un outil de veille pour le Groupe CMI dans le cadre de son programme d'éthique et de compliance

Dans le cadre du développement de son programme d'éthique et de compliance, le Groupe CMI souhaite aller plus loin. C'est dans cette perspective que s'inscrit l'élaboration d'une cartographie des risques et d'un outil de veille. Dans la partie théorique, les fondamentaux d'un tel programme seront définis. Ensuite, la pratique s'articule autour d'une analyse de la maturité de l'éthique du Groupe, l'élaboration d'une méthodologie de veille qui sera appliquée à deux secteurs (CMI Energy et CMI Environment), et enfin, des recommandations et un plan d'action pour diminuer certains risques à un niveau plus acceptable.Master [120] en sciences de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

Effect of tomato deleafing on mirids, the natural predators of whiteflies

Sustainability in Mediterranean greenhouse agrosystems involves environmentally- friendly techniques based on biological and non- chemical methods. Deleafing is a common agricultural practice used to accelerate fruit ripening and facilitate farming methods. However, deleafing may have an impact on mirids, a natural predator used to control whiteflies, which are considered among the most noxious insect pests of field and greenhouse crops worldwide. Here we studied the impact of leaf removal on populations of mirids. Two deleafing practices were tested: ( a) regular deleafing, with the first removal of 2 leaves per plant 10 weeks after sowing; and ( b) delayed deleafing, in which the first removal was delayed by 14 days. Our results show that regular deleafing had a strong negative impact on mirid populations. Indeed, the first deleafing of the regular method eliminated 74% of young nymphs. Such a loss was not observed with the delayed method because nymphs were older and already distributed on leaves which were never thinned. As a consequence of this initial difference, mirid populations were 60% higher in the delayed than in the regular deleafing treatments at the end of the crop. The biological control of whiteflies was less efficient in the regular deleafing crop for which densities were, on average, 30% higher than in the delayed deleafing crop. Such inefficiency could call into question the sustainability in protected tomato crops of environmentally- friendly techniques focused on reducing the pesticides used

Decision making in integrated pest management for tomato protected crop

International audienc

La protection intégrée sous serre. Le point sur les recherches en France

National audienc

Nectarine cultivation in greenhouse for early harvest in France : a management system with rest avoidance

Peach growingInternational audienc

Compatibility among entomopathogenic hyphocreales and two beneficial insects used to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera : Aleurodidae) in Mediterranean greenhouses

International audienceThe effect of the combined use of Encarsia formosa or Macrolophus caliginosus and one of three marketed mycoinsecticides, Mycotal (R) (Leucanicillium muscarium-based), Naturalis-L (TM) (Beauveria bassiana-based) and PreFeRal (R) (Isaria fumosorosea-based), on the control of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The results of both types of tests, the bioassays and the greenhouse trials, for all combinations of E. Formosa with each of the three mycoinsecticides showed that the total mortality of larval populations of T. vaporariorum was not affected. The mortality of T. vaporariorum larvae treated in the second instar revealed the capacity for both B. bassiana- and L muscarium-based formulations and E. formosa to kill the host either separately or in association. Because of its higher pathogenic activity (under our test conditions), L muscarium provoked a large proportion of mycoses in larvae exposed to parasitization. In contrast, the efficacy of parasitization was higher in larvae treated with B. bassiana and exposed to E. formosa because of a lower pathogenic activity of the fungus. Bioassays carried out with third-instar larvae of T. vaporariorum showed a low susceptibility to both tested fungi. Consequently, mortalities recorded in larvae subjected to the combined treatments by consecutive exposures or at 2-4 days post-parasitization were mainly caused by the development of the parasitoid. Greenhouse trials showed that fungus-induced mortality of T. vaporariorum in plants treated with L muscarium, I. fumosorosea, and B. Bassiana was significant compare to control. L muscarium, B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea killed young whitefly larvae and limited parasitization to 10% or less. Second-instar larvae of M. caliginosus were not susceptible to L. muscarium and B. bassiana formulations with any mode of contamination: direct spraying of larvae, spraying on the foliar substrate or by contaminated T. vaporariorum prey. In greenhouse trials, M. caliginosus populations treated with fungi were not significantly affected compared to controls

Répartition spatio-temporelle de Macrolophus caliginosus en culture de tomate sous abri (Heteroptera Miridae)

Contact:[email protected] Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699International audienceThe characteristics of the generalist predator Macrolophus caliginosus made it the main actor in the biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in protected tomato crops; but its action on Bemisia tabaci remains unclear. Because B tabaci does not belong to the natural host spectrum of M caliginosus, the feeding foraging behaviour of the predator is questioned when B tabaci is the only prey available. The movements of M caliginosus and its aggregation on B tabaci populations were studied in real conditions of production in two greenhouses equipped with insect-proof nets. Macrolophus caliginosus was first introduced on the crop. Five weeks later, 4 focus (per greenhouse) of B tabaci infestation were generated. In the absence of B tacaci, the M caliginosus population colonized the whole greenhouse and succeeded in maintaining equal larval density for two generations. The density of predator presents on plants infested by B tabaci was significantly higher than the one measured on the other plants. The presence of prey on plants infested with B tabaci probably decreased the intrinsic mortality of predator larvae and enhanced oviposition of adults thereby enhancing their fitness due to feeding.Grâce à ses caractéristiques de prédateur généraliste, Macrolophus caliginosus est devenu un acteur majeur de la lutte biologique contre Trialeurodes vaporatiorum en culture de tomate sous abri; son action sur Bemisia tabaci reste, en revanche, à déterminer précisément. Parce que B tabaci n’appartient pas au spectre d’hôtes naturels de M caliginosus, la question du comportement de recherche du prédateur, lorsque B tabaci est l’unique proie disponible, se pose. Les déplacements de M caliginosus ainsi que son agrégation potentielle sur des foyers de B tabaci ont été étudiés, en conditions réelles de production, dans deux tunnels équipés de filets insect-proof. Macrolophus caliginosus a été introduit le premier dans la culture. Cinq semaines plus tard, 4 foyers de B tabaci ont été générés par tunnel. En l’absence de B tabaci, les M caliginosus ont colonisé l’ensemble de la culture et ont maintenus une densité larvaire identique pendant deux générations. La densité des prédateurs présents sur les plantes infestées avec B tabaci était significativement plus élevée que celle observée sur les autres plantes. La consommation de B tabaci contribue probablement à diminuer la mortalité intrinsèque des larves du prédateur et à augmenter l’oviposition des adultes à travers une augmentation de leur fitness