An economic evaluation of liquid manure disposal from confinement finishing hogs

Bibliography: p. 28

The CTA Sensitivity to Lorentz-Violating Effects on the Gamma-Ray Horizon

The arrival of TeV-energy photons from distant galaxies is expected to be affected by their QED interaction with intergalactic radiation fields through electron-positron pair production. In theories where high-energy photons violate Lorentz symmetry, the kinematics of the process $\gamma + \gamma\rightarrow e^+ + e^-$ is altered and the cross-section suppressed. Consequently, one would expect more of the highest-energy photons to arrive if QED is modified by Lorentz violation than if it is not. We estimate the sensitivity of Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to changes in the $\gamma$-ray horizon of the Universe due to Lorentz violation, and find that it should be competitive with other leading constraints.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, typos corrected + references added, results unchanged. Matches version accepted by JCA

Global adaptation in networks of selfish components: emergent associative memory at the system scale

In some circumstances complex adaptive systems composed of numerous self-interested agents can self-organise into structures that enhance global adaptation, efficiency or function. However, the general conditions for such an outcome are poorly understood and present a fundamental open question for domains as varied as ecology, sociology, economics, organismic biology and technological infrastructure design. In contrast, sufficient conditions for artificial neural networks to form structures that perform collective computational processes such as associative memory/recall, classification, generalisation and optimisation, are well-understood. Such global functions within a single agent or organism are not wholly surprising since the mechanisms (e.g. Hebbian learning) that create these neural organisations may be selected for this purpose, but agents in a multi-agent system have no obvious reason to adhere to such a structuring protocol or produce such global behaviours when acting from individual self-interest. However, Hebbian learning is actually a very simple and fully-distributed habituation or positive feedback principle. Here we show that when self-interested agents can modify how they are affected by other agents (e.g. when they can influence which other agents they interact with) then, in adapting these inter-agent relationships to maximise their own utility, they will necessarily alter them in a manner homologous with Hebbian learning. Multi-agent systems with adaptable relationships will thereby exhibit the same system-level behaviours as neural networks under Hebbian learning. For example, improved global efficiency in multi-agent systems can be explained by the inherent ability of associative memory to generalise by idealising stored patterns and/or creating new combinations of sub-patterns. Thus distributed multi-agent systems can spontaneously exhibit adaptive global behaviours in the same sense, and by the same mechanism, as the organisational principles familiar in connectionist models of organismic learning

Damage Diagnosis in Semiconductive Materials Using Electrical Impedance Measurements

Recent aerospace industry trends have resulted in an increased demand for real-time, effective techniques for in-flight structural health monitoring. A promising technique for damage diagnosis uses electrical impedance measurements of semiconductive materials. By applying a small electrical current into a material specimen and measuring the corresponding voltages at various locations on the specimen, changes in the electrical characteristics due to the presence of damage can be assessed. An artificial neural network uses these changes in electrical properties to provide an inverse solution that estimates the location and magnitude of the damage. The advantage of the electrical impedance method over other damage diagnosis techniques is that it uses the material as the sensor. Simple voltage measurements can be used instead of discrete sensors, resulting in a reduction in weight and system complexity. This research effort extends previous work by employing finite element method models to improve accuracy of complex models with anisotropic conductivities and by enhancing the computational efficiency of the inverse techniques. The paper demonstrates a proof of concept of a damage diagnosis approach using electrical impedance methods and a neural network as an effective tool for in-flight diagnosis of structural damage to aircraft components

Shock Radio: Tracing the Roots of an Expressive Social Movement

Since the 1980s, an important trend in talk radio has established itself in various North American cities, and has come to be known as “shock radio.” Where they have not looked at the issues of free speech and regulation of the genre, previous studies have provided rich insights into the audience and discourse. The present research lays out a profile of the listening audience and connects it with the themes of shock radio within the framework of a social movement perspective. It is hypothesized that shock radio expresses the resentment of a demographic that has been denied recognition in the emerging structure of group rights. Semi-structured interviews combined with questionnaires were administered to listeners of Quebec City’s CHOI-FM and of American shock host Howard Stern. Respondents were mostly male and non-unionized private sector workers or self-employed. Resentment at group claims was present among a certain segment of the audience, offering support to the hypothesis that shock radio draws its appeal from its expression of resentment

Transcriptional profiling of colicin-induced cell death of Escherichia coli MG1655 identifies potential mechanisms by which bacteriocins promote bacterial diversity

We report the transcriptional response of Escherichia coli MG1655 to damage induced by colicins E3 and E9, bacteriocins that kill cells through inactivation of the ribosome and degradation of chromosomal DNA, respectively. Colicin E9 strongly induced the LexA-regulated SOS response, while colicin E3 elicited a broad response that included the induction of cold shock genes, symptomatic of translational arrest. Colicin E3 also increased the transcription of cryptic prophage genes and other laterally acquired mobile elements. The transcriptional responses to both these toxins suggest mechanisms that may promote genetic diversity in E. coli populations, pointing to a more general role for colicins in adaptive bacterial physiology than has hitherto been realized

Patient preferences for management of high blood pressure in the UK:A discrete choice experiment

Background: With a variety of potentially effective hypertension management options, it is important to determine how patients value different models of care, and the relative importance of factors in their decision-making process. Aim: To explore patient preferences for the management of hypertension in the UK. Design and setting: Online survey of patients who have hypertension in the UK including an unlabelled discrete choice experiment (DCE). Method: A DCE was developed to assess patient preferences for the management of hypertension based on four attributes: model of care, frequency of blood pressure (BP) measurement, reduction in 5-year cardiovascular risk, and costs to the NHS. A mixed logit model was used to estimate preferences, willingness-to-pay was modelled, and a scenario analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of changes in attribute levels on the uptake of different models of care. Results: One hundred and sixty-seven participants completed the DCE (aged 61.4 years, 45.0% female, 82.0% >5 years since diagnosis). All four attributes were significant in choice (P<0.05). Reduction in 5-year cardiovascular risk was the main driver of patient preference as evidenced in the scenario and willingness-to-pay analyses. GP management was significantly preferred over self-management. Patients preferred scenarios with more frequent BP measurement, and lower costs to the NHS. Conclusion: Participants had similar preferences for GP management, pharmacist management, and telehealth, but a negative preference for self-management. When introducing new models of care for hypertension to patients, discussion of the potential benefits in terms of risk reduction should be prioritised to maximise uptake

Probing cosmic ray escape from \eta\ Carinae

The binary stellar system $\eta$ Carinae is one of very few established astrophysical hadron accelerators. It seems likely that at least some fraction of the accelerated particles escape from the system. Copious target material for hadronic interactions and associated $\gamma$-ray emission exists on a wide range of spatial scales outside the binary system. This material creates a unique opportunity to trace the propagation of particles into the interstellar medium. Here we analyse $\gamma$-ray data from Fermi-LAT of $\eta$ Carinae and surrounding molecular clouds and investigate the many different scales on which escaping particles may interact and produce $\gamma$-rays. We find that interactions of escaping cosmic rays from $\eta$ Carinae in the wind region and the Homunculus Nebula could produce a significant contribution to the $\gamma$-ray emission associated with the system. Furthermore, we detect excess emission from the surrounding molecular clouds. The derived radial cosmic-ray excess profile is consistent with a steady injection of cosmic rays by a central source. However, this would require a higher flux of escaping cosmic rays from $\eta$ Carinae than provided by our model. Therefore it is likely that additional cosmic ray sources contribute to the hadronic $\gamma$-ray emission from the clouds.Comment: accepted for publication in A&A, 10 pages, 6 figure