101 research outputs found
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The anterior temporal lobes support residual comprehension in Wernicke’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia occurs following a stroke to classical language comprehension regions in the left temporoparietal cortex. Consequently, auditory-verbal comprehension is significantly impaired in Wernicke’s aphasia but the capacity to comprehend visually presented materials (written words and pictures) is partially spared. This study used fMRI to investigate the neural basis of written word and picture semantic processing in Wernicke’s aphasia, with the wider aim of examining how the semantic system is altered following damage to the classical comprehension regions. Twelve participants with Wernicke’s aphasia and twelve control participants performed semantic animate-inanimate judgements and a visual height judgement baseline task. Whole brain and ROI analysis in Wernicke’s aphasia and control participants found that semantic judgements were underpinned by activation in the ventral and anterior temporal lobes bilaterally. The Wernicke’s aphasia group displayed an “over-activation” in comparison to control participants, indicating that anterior temporal lobe regions become increasingly influential following reduction in posterior semantic resources. Semantic processing of written words in Wernicke’s aphasia was additionally supported by recruitment of the right anterior superior temporal lobe, a region previously associated with recovery from auditory-verbal comprehension impairments. Overall, the results concord with models which indicate that the anterior temporal lobes are crucial for multimodal semantic processing and that these regions may be accessed without support from classic posterior comprehension regions
Four Regional Marine Biodiversity Studies: Approaches and Contributions to Ecosystem-Based Management
We compare objectives and approaches of four regional studies of marine biodiversity: Gulf of Maine Area Census of Marine Life, Baltic Sea History of Marine Animal Populations, Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project, and Gulf of Mexico Biodiversity Project. Each program was designed as an "ecosystem" scale but was created independently and executed differently. Each lasted 8 to 10 years, including several years to refine program objectives, raise funding, and develop research networks. All resulted in improved baseline data and in new, or revised, data systems. Each contributed to the creation or evolution of interdisciplinary teams, and to regional, national, or international science-management linkages. To date, there have been differing extents of delivery and use of scientific information to and by management, with greatest integration by the program designed around specific management questions. We evaluate each research program's relative emphasis on three principal elements of biodiversity organization: composition, structure, and function. This approach is used to analyze existing ecosystem-wide biodiversity knowledge and to assess what is known and where gaps exist. In all four of these systems and studies, there is a relative paucity of investigation on functional elements of biodiversity, when compared with compositional and structural elements. This is symptomatic of the current state of the science. Substantial investment in understanding one or more biodiversity element(s) will allow issues to be addressed in a timely and more integrative fashion. Evaluating research needs and possible approaches across specific elements of biodiversity organization can facilitate planning of future studies and lead to more effective communication between scientists, managers, and stakeholders. Building a general approach that captures how various studies have focused on different biodiversity elements can also contribute to meta-analyses of worldwide experience in scientific research to support ecosystem-based management
Transnational Comparisons: Theory and Practice of Comparative Law as a Critique of Global Governance
Oral history interview with Richard A. Kemmerer
Transcript, 76 pp.Computer security pioneer Richard Kemmerer discusses his graduate training (at UCLA), his early and long-term consulting work for System Development Corporation in computer security research and development, and his research and education of graduate students at University of California at Santa Barbara. Among the topics covered are his work on Secure Unix, electronic voting, intrusion detection, and other areas. He also relates perspectives on early conferences (VERkshop, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, and others), the NCSC and TCSEC, and other topics.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under
Grant No. 1116862, “Building an Infrastructure for Computer Security History.”National Science Foundation, Grant No. 1116862, “Building an Infrastructure for Computer Security History.
NetSTAT: A Network-based Intrusion Detection System
Network-based attacks are becoming more common and sophisticated. For this reason, intrusion detection systems are now shifting their focus from the hosts and their operating systems to the network itself. Network-based intrusion detection is challenging because network auditing produces large amounts of data, and dierent events related to a single intrusion may be visible in dierent places on the network. This paper presents a new approach that applies the State Transition Analysis Technique (STAT) to network intrusion detection. Network-based intrusions are modeled using state transition diagrams in which states and transitions are characterized in a networked environment. The target network environment itself is represented using a model based on hypergraphs. By using a formal model of both the network to be protected and the attacks to be detected the approach is able to determine which network events have to be monitored and where they can be monitored, providing automatic suppo..
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