Onboard Scientific Observers Provide a Realistic Picture of Harvesting and Management Priorities for the Precious Red Coral (Corallium rubrum L.)

Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum is considered the most precious coral worldwide. Harvesting activities are performed by licensed scuba divers and managed through the recent pan-Mediterranean management plan issued by General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) along with measures locally enacted, imposing limits on licenses, harvesting season, minimum depth of dive, and size. The use of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) is prohibited, with the only exception being for scientific purposes. Despite measures already in force, the implementation of additional management tools has been recently recommended. This article reports results from the first monitoring campaign on C. rubrum harvesting based on ROVs for seabed exploration and Onboard Scientific Observers (OSOs), carried out from 2012 to 2015 along the coast of Sardinia (Mediterranean Sea—Western basin). More than 450 dives were monitored, confirming how ROV's support eases the scouting of exploitable banks, leading to increases in catches. OSOs reported the collection of colonies below the minimum reference size and catches/dive above limits. Onboard observers collected data also on colony diameter, which is crucial for the estimation of population size structure and exploitation status. OSOs proved to be valid tools in providing additional and reliable information on red coral harvesting, thus deserving to be included among mandatory measures for the sustainable exploitation of red coral in the Mediterranean Sea

Atrial and Ventricular Strain Imaging Using CMR in the Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients with Myocarditis

(1) Objective: Myocarditis can be associated with ventricular arrhythmia (VA), individual non-invasive risk stratification through cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is of great clinical significance. Our study aimed to explore whether left atrial (LA) and left ventricle (LV) myocardial strain serve as independent predictors of VA in patients with myocarditis. (2) Methods: This retrospective study evaluated CMR scans in 141 consecutive patients diagnosed with myocarditis based on the updated Lake Louise criteria (29 females, mean age 41 ± 20). The primary endpoint was VA; this encompassed ventricular fibrillation, sustained ventricular tachycardia, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and frequent premature ventricular complexes. LA and LV strain function were performed on conventional cine SSFP sequences. (3) Results: After a median follow-up time of 23 months (interquartile range (18–30)), 17 patients with acute myocarditis reached the primary endpoint. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, LA reservoir (hazard ratio [HR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 [0.87–0.99], p = 0.02), LA booster (0.87 95% CI [0.76–0.99], p = 0.04), LV global longitudinal (1.26 95% CI [1.02–1.55], p = 0.03), circumferential (1.37 95% CI [1.08–1.73], p = 0.008), and radial strain (0.89 95% CI [0.80–0.98], p = 0.01) were all independent determinants of VA. Patients with LV global circumferential strain &gt; −13.3% exhibited worse event-free survival compared to those with values ≤ −13.3% (p &lt; 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: LA and LV strain mechanism on CMR are independently associated with VA events in patients with myocarditis, independent to LV ejection fraction, and late gadolinium enhancement location. Incorporating myocardial strain parameters into the management of myocarditis may improve risk stratification.</p

Epicardial fat volume assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Purpose: The aims of our study were to investigate with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) the role of Epicardial Fat Volume (EFV) and distribution in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). Moreover, we explored EFV in patients with TTC and related this to comorbidities, cardiac biomarkers, and cardiac function. Methods: This retrospective study performed CMR scans in 30 consecutive TTC patients and 20 healthy controls. The absolute amount of EFV was quantified in consecutive short-axis cine stacks through the modified Simpson's rule. In addition, the left atrio-ventricular groove (LV) and right ventricle (RV) Epicardial Fat Thickness (EFT) were measured as well. Besides epicardial fat, LV myocardial strain parameters and T2 mapping measurements were obtained. Results: TTC patients and controls were of comparable age, sex, and body mass index. Compared to healthy controls, patients with TTC demonstrated a significantly increased EFV, epicardial fat mass, and EFV indexed for body 7surface area (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.005; p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.003; p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.008; respectively). In a multiple regression model including age, sex, BMI, atrial fibrillation, and dyslipidemia, TTC remained an independent association with EFV (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.008). Global T2 mapping and Global longitudinal strain in patients with TTC were correlated with EFV (r&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.63, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.001, and r&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.44, p&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with TTC have increased EFV compared to healthy controls, despite a similar body mass index. The amount of epicardial fat was associated with CMR markers of myocardial inflammation and subclinical contractile dysfunction

Effect of late gadolinium enhancement on left atrial impairment in myocarditis patients

ObjectiveThe aims of our study were to investigate the effect of the extent and location of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on the left atrium (LA) function in patients with acute myocarditis (AM) using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).MethodThis retrospective study performed CMR scans in 113 consecutive patients (89 males, 24 females; mean age 45.8 &amp; PLUSMN; 17.3 years) with AM that met the updated Lake Louise criteria. Reservoir, conduit, and booster LA functions were analyzed by CMR feature tracking using dedicated software. Besides LA strain measurements, myocardial scar location and extent were assigned and quantified by LGE imaging.ResultsAM patients with septal LGE had impaired reservoir, conduit, and conduit strain rate function in comparison with AM patients with non-septal LGE (p = 0.001, for all). In fully adjusted multivariable linear regression, reservoir and conduit were significantly associated with left ventricle (LV) LGE location (&amp; beta; coefficient = 8.205, p = 0.007; &amp; beta; coefficient = 5.185, p = 0.026; respectively). In addition, LA parameters decreased according to the increase in the extent of LV fibrosis (LGE &amp; LE; 10%; LGE 11-19%; LGE &amp; GE; 20%). After adjustment in multivariable linear regression, the association with LV LGE extent was no longer statistically significant.ConclusionIn patients with acute myocarditis, LA function abnormalities are significantly associated with LV LGE location, but not with LGE extent. Septal LGE is paralleled by a deterioration of LA reservoir and conduit function.Clinical relevance statementLeft atrium dysfunction is associated with the presence of late gadolinium enhancement in the left ventricle septum and can be useful in the clinical prognostication of patients with acute myocarditis, allowing individually tailored treatment.Key Points &amp; BULL; Myocardial fibrosis is related to atrial impairment.&amp; BULL; The location of myocardial fibrosis is the main determinant of atrial dysfunction in myocarditis patients.&amp; BULL; The quantification of atrial mechanisms may provide more in-depth insight into myocarditis pathophysiology.Key Points &amp; BULL; Myocardial fibrosis is related to atrial impairment.&amp; BULL; The location of myocardial fibrosis is the main determinant of atrial dysfunction in myocarditis patients.&amp; BULL; The quantification of atrial mechanisms may provide more in-depth insight into myocarditis pathophysiology.Key Points &amp; BULL; Myocardial fibrosis is related to atrial impairment.&amp; BULL; The location of myocardial fibrosis is the main determinant of atrial dysfunction in myocarditis patients.&amp; BULL; The quantification of atrial mechanisms may provide more in-depth insight into myocarditis pathophysiology

Artificial Intelligence in the Differential Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy Phenotypes

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being applied to the medical field, especially in the cardiovascular domain. AI approaches have demonstrated their applicability in the detection, diagnosis, and management of several cardiovascular diseases, enhancing disease stratification and typing. Cardiomyopathies are a leading cause of heart failure and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Identifying the etiologies is fundamental for the management and diagnostic pathway of these heart muscle diseases, requiring the integration of various data, including personal and family history, clinical examination, electrocardiography, and laboratory investigations, as well as multimodality imaging, making the clinical diagnosis challenging. In this scenario, AI has demonstrated its capability to capture subtle connections from a multitude of multiparametric datasets, enabling the discovery of hidden relationships in data and handling more complex tasks than traditional methods. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the main concepts related to AI and its subset. Additionally, we review the existing literature on AI-based models in the differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathy phenotypes, and we finally examine the advantages and limitations of these AI approaches

Atrial and Ventricular Strain Imaging Using CMR in the Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Patients with Myocarditis

(1) Objective: Myocarditis can be associated with ventricular arrhythmia (VA), individual non-invasive risk stratification through cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is of great clinical significance. Our study aimed to explore whether left atrial (LA) and left ventricle (LV) myocardial strain serve as independent predictors of VA in patients with myocarditis. (2) Methods: This retrospective study evaluated CMR scans in 141 consecutive patients diagnosed with myocarditis based on the updated Lake Louise criteria (29 females, mean age 41 ± 20). The primary endpoint was VA; this encompassed ventricular fibrillation, sustained ventricular tachycardia, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and frequent premature ventricular complexes. LA and LV strain function were performed on conventional cine SSFP sequences. (3) Results: After a median follow-up time of 23 months (interquartile range (18–30)), 17 patients with acute myocarditis reached the primary endpoint. In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, LA reservoir (hazard ratio [HR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93 [0.87–0.99], p = 0.02), LA booster (0.87 95% CI [0.76–0.99], p = 0.04), LV global longitudinal (1.26 95% CI [1.02–1.55], p = 0.03), circumferential (1.37 95% CI [1.08–1.73], p = 0.008), and radial strain (0.89 95% CI [0.80–0.98], p = 0.01) were all independent determinants of VA. Patients with LV global circumferential strain &gt; −13.3% exhibited worse event-free survival compared to those with values ≤ −13.3% (p &lt; 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: LA and LV strain mechanism on CMR are independently associated with VA events in patients with myocarditis, independent to LV ejection fraction, and late gadolinium enhancement location. Incorporating myocardial strain parameters into the management of myocarditis may improve risk stratification.</p

fshr, a fish sex-determining locus shows variable incomplete penetrance across flathead grey mullet populations

Whole-genome sequence data were produced from a single flathead grey mullet female and assembled into a draft genome sequence, whereas publicly available sequence data were used to obtain a male draft sequence. Two pools, each consisting of 60 unrelated individuals respectively of male and female fish were analysed using Pool-Sequencing. Mapping and analysis of Pool-Seq data against the draft genome(s) revealed &gt;30 loci potentially associated with sex, the most promising locus of which, encoding the follicle stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) and harbouring two missense variants, was genotyped on 245 fish from four Mediterranean populations. Genotype data showed that fshr represents a previously unknown sex-determining locus, though the incomplete association pattern between fshr genotype and sex-phenotype, the variability of such pattern across different populations, and the presence of other candidate loci, reveal that a greater complexity underlies sex determination in the flathead grey mullet

Multimodality Imaging of Sudden Cardiac Death and Acute Complications in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a potentially fatal event usually caused by a cardiac arrhythmia, which is often the result of coronary artery disease (CAD). Up to 80% of patients suffering from SCD have concomitant CAD. Arrhythmic complications may occur in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before admission, during revascularization procedures, and in hospital intensive care monitoring. In addition, about 20% of patients who survive cardiac arrest develop a transmural myocardial infarction (MI). Prevention of ACS can be evaluated in selected patients using cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA), while diagnosis can be depicted using electrocardiography (ECG), and complications can be evaluated with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography. CCTA can evaluate plaque, burden of disease, stenosis, and adverse plaque characteristics, in patients with chest pain. ECG and echocardiography are the first-line tests for ACS and are affordable and useful for diagnosis. CMR can evaluate function and the presence of complications after ACS, such as development of ventricular thrombus and presence of myocardial tissue characterization abnormalities that can be the substrate of ventricular arrhythmias

Review of imaging biomarkers for the vulnerable carotid plaque

Identification of carotid artery atherosclerosis is conventionally based on measurements of luminal stenosis. However, histopathologic studies demonstrate considerable differences between plaques with identical degrees of stenosis and indicate that certain plaque features are associated with increased risk for ischemic events. As a result of the rapid technological evolution in medical imaging, several important steps have been taken in the field of carotid plaque imaging allowing us to visualize the carotid atherosclerotic plaque and its composition in great detail. For computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and ultrasound scan, evidence has accumulated on novel imaging-based markers that confer information on carotid plaque vulnerability, such as intraplaque hemorrhage and lipid-rich necrotic cores. In terms of the imaging-based identification of individuals at high risk of stroke, routine assessments of such imaging markers are the way forward for improving current clinical practice. The current review highlights the main characteristics of the vulnerable plaque indicating their role in the etiology of ischemic stroke as identified by intensive plaque imaging

Commercial sharks under scrutiny: baseline genetic distinctiveness supports structured populations of small-spotted catsharks in the Mediterranean Sea

The present study, based on microsatellite markers, describes a population genetic analysis of the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758), representing one of the most abundant and commonly caught cartilaginous fishes in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent areas. The analyses were performed to unravel the genetic features (variability, connectivity, sex-biased dispersal) of their relative geographic populations, both at the small (around the coast of Sardinia, Western Mediterranean Sea) and at a larger spatial scale (pan-Mediterranean level and between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea). Individual clustering, multivariate and variance analyses rejected the hypothesis of genetic homogeneity, with significant genetic differences between the Mediterranean and Atlantic, as well as within the Mediterranean area between the Western and Eastern basins. In details, our results seem to confirm that the Strait of Gibraltar could not represent a complete barrier to the exchange of individuals of small-spotted catshark between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In the latter area, a complex genetic structuring for S. canicula was found. Apart from differences among the Western, Eastern and Adriatic sites, within the Western basin the small-spotted catsharks around Sardinian waters are strongly differentiated from all others (both from the eastern Tyrrhenian Sea and southernmost part of the Algerian basin) and are demographically stable. Several possible mechanisms, both biological and abiotic (e.g., migratory behavior, water fronts and oceanographic discontinuities), are discussed here to explain their peculiar characteristics. Overall, the genetic data presented, both at the local and regional level, could represent a baseline information, useful for the temporal monitoring of populations, and to assess the effects of present or future fishing/management/conservation measures